@book{ingham_anglo-norman_2010,
	location = {Woodbridge},
	title = {The {Anglo-Norman} Language and Its Contexts},
	abstract = {The question of the development of Anglo-Norman (the variety of medieval French used in the British Isles), and the role it played in the life of the medieval English kingdom, is currently a major topic of scholarly debate. The essays in this volume examine it from a variety of different perspectives and contexts, though with a concentration on the theme of linguistic contact between Anglo-Norman and English, seeking to situate it more precisely in space and time than has hitherto been the case. Overall they show how Anglo-Norman retained a strong presence in the linguistic life of England until a strikingly late date, and how it constitutes a rich and highly valuable record of the French language in the middle ages. Contributors: Richard Ingham, Anthony Lodge, William Rothwell, David Trotter, Mark Chambers, Louise Sylvester, Anne Curry, Adrian Bell, Adam Chapman, Andy King, David Simpkin, Paul Brand, Jean-Pascal Pouzet, Laura Wright, Eric Haeberli.},
	pagetotal = {198},
	publisher = {York Medieval Press},
	author = {Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2010},
	keywords = {Foreign Language Study / French, Literary Collections / Medieval, Literary Criticism / Medieval},
}

@article{rothwell_soil_2009,
	title = {Soil and Toil: {English and French in the English} Countryside During the Later {Middle Ages}},
	volume = {90},
	pages = {379--402},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{English Studies}},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {2009},
}

@article{hulbert_english_1936,
	title = {English in Manorial Documents of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries},
	volume = {34},
	pages = {37--61},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{Modern Philology}},
	author = {Hulbert, J. R.},
	date = {1936},
}

@book{oschinsky_walter_1971,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Walter of {Henley} and other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Oschinsky, Dorothea},
	date = {1971},
}

@article{ingham_mixing_2009,
	title = {Mixing Languages on the Manor},
	volume = {78},
	pages = {80--97},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{Medium Ævum}},
	author = {Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2009},
}

@incollection{hunt_languages_2011,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {The Languages of Medieval {England}},
	pages = {59--68},
	booktitle = {{Mehrsprachigkeit im Mittelalter: Kulturelle, literarische, sprachliche und didaktische Konstellationen in europäischer Perspektive}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Hunt, Tony},
	editor = {Baldzuhn, Michael and Putzo, Christine},
	date = {2011},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\SBSSWDU9\\html.html:text/html},
}

@article{roig-marin_medieval_2019,
	title = {{Medieval Latin, Middle English, or Anglo-Norman? Lexical} Choice in the Inventories and Accounts from the Monastic House of {Jarrow}},
	volume = {103},
	pages = {239--254},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{Neophilologus}},
	author = {Roig-Marín, Amanda},
	date = {2019},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\E5HR59LY\\Roig-Marín - 2019 - Medieval Latin, Middle English, or Anglo-Norman L.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{wright_bills_2000,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {Bills, accounts, inventories: {e}veryday trilingual activities in the business world of later medieval {England}},
	pages = {149--156},
	booktitle = {{Multilingualism in late medieval Britain}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2000},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\NFPVX8FP\\articulo.html:text/html},
}

@article{schendl_code-switching_2015,
	title = {{Code-switching in early English literature}},
	volume = {24},
	abstract = {Code-switching has been a frequent feature of literary texts from the beginning of English literary tradition to the present time. The medieval period, in particular, with its complex multilingual situation, has provided a fruitful background for multilingual texts, and will be the focus of the present article. After looking at the linguistic background of the period and some specifics of medieval literature and of historical code-switching, the article discusses the main functions of code-switching in medieval poetry and drama, especially in regard to the different but changing status of the three main languages of literacy: Latin, French and English. This functional-pragmatic approach is complemented by a section on syntactic aspects of medieval literary code-switching, which also contains a brief comparison with modern spoken code-switching and shows some important similarities and differences between the two sets of data.},
	pages = {233--248},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{Language and Literature}},
	author = {Schendl, Herbert},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {French, Code-switching, drama, English, functions, Latin, medieval literature, multilingualism, poetry, syntactic patterns},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\JKXCBHU7\\Schendl - 2015 - Code-switching in early English literature.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{ingham_language-mixing_2013,
	location = {Turnhout},
	title = {{Language-Mixing in Medieval Latin documents: Vernacular articles and nouns}},
	pages = {105--121},
	booktitle = {Multilingualism in Medieval {Britain (c. 1066-1520): Sources} and Analysis},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	author = {Ingham, Richard},
	editor = {Jefferson, Judith and Putter, Ad},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{trotter_anglo-normand_2003,
	title = {{L'anglo-normand : {V}ariété insulaire, ou variété isolée ?}},
	volume = {45},
	abstract = {La tradition veut que l'anglo-normand (surtout, tardif) soit une variété isolée du français médiéval, d'où certaines particularités. Après la « perte » de la Normandie en 1204, la noblesse anglo-normande aurait connu une existence à part. Il n'en est rien et tout tend à montrer que les contacts n'ont pas du tout cessé après 1204. C'est ainsi que le lexique de l'anglo-normand est en grande partie du français, même si (dans certains domaines) la variété anglo-normande semble mieux documentée.},
	pages = {43--54},
	journaltitle = {{Médiévales}},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2003},
	keywords = {ancien français, Angleterre, anglo-normand, langues en contact, lexique},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\7GNM8P4N\\Trotter - 2003 - L'anglo-normand  variété insulaire, ou variété is.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{trotter_not_2003,
	title = {Not as Eccentric as it Looks: {Anglo-French and French French}},
	volume = {39},
	abstract = {This article replaces Anglo-Norman in its context as not merely an offshore dialect, but also an integral part of medieval French. Evidence of contact long after the alleged break with Normandy in 1204 substantiates this argument. A second aim is to demonstrate the extent to which many of the anomalies and irregularities regarded as characteristic of Anglo-Norman (and often due to language contact) may also be found on the continent, if non-literary texts are examined.},
	pages = {427--438},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{Forum for Modern Language Studies}},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2003},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\KIKWEGNE\\576341.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{schendl_linguistic_2000,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {{Linguistic aspects of code-switching in medieval English texts}},
	abstract = {Autoría: Herbert Schendl.
Localización: Multilingualism in late medieval Britain, 2000.
Artículo de Libro en Dialnet.},
	pages = {77--92},
	booktitle = {{Multilingualism in late medieval Britain}},
	publisher = {D. S. Brewer},
	author = {Schendl, Herbert},
	editor = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2000},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\BGCZDKH5\\articulo.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{kristol_intellectuel_2000,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {{L'intellectuel ``anglo-normand" face à la pluralité des langues: {Le} témoignage implicite du {MS Oxford, Magdalen Lat. 188}}},
	pages = {37--52},
	booktitle = {{Multilingualism in late medieval Britain}},
	publisher = {D. S. Brewer},
	author = {Kristol, Andres},
	editor = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2000},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\Z8862ZW3\\articulo.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{wright_multilingual_2017,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{A multilingual approach to the history of Standard English}},
	pages = {339--358},
	booktitle = {Multilingual Practices in Language History: {English} and Beyond},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Pahta, Päivi and Skaffari, Janne and Wright, Laura},
	date = {2017},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\S9XEVHLK\\html.html:text/html},
}

@article{timofeeva_special_2018,
	title = {{Special issue on mechanisms of French contact influence in Middle English: diffusion and maintenance}},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {197--205},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{English Language \& Linguistics}},
	author = {Timofeeva, Olga and Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2018},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\828GSFII\\Timofeeva and Ingham - 2018 - Special issue on mechanisms of French contact infl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\4TT5I65A\\2B0D661B25769F8C60679EBFA7E4875C.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{rothwell_husbonderie_2010,
	location = {Woodbridge},
	title = {Husbonderie and Manaungerie in Later Medieval {England: A} Tale of Two {Walters}},
	pages = {44--51},
	booktitle = {{The Anglo-Norman Language and Its Contexts}},
	publisher = {Boydell \& Brewer},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	editor = {Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2010},
}

@article{rothwell_arrivals_1998,
	title = {{Arrivals and departures: The adoption of French terminology into middle English}},
	volume = {79},
	pages = {144--165},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{English Studies}},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {1998},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\E64KHRAY\\00138389808599121.html:text/html},
}

@article{rothwell_english_2001,
	title = {{English and French in England after 1362}},
	volume = {82},
	pages = {539--559},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {{English Studies}},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {2001},
}

@article{rothwell_missing_1991,
	title = {The Missing Link in {English} Etymology: {Anglo-French}},
	volume = {60},
	pages = {173--196},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{Medium Ævum}},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {1991},
}

@article{short_bilingualism_1980,
	title = {On Bilingualism in {Anglo-Norman England}},
	volume = {33},
	pages = {467--479},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{Romance Philology}},
	author = {Short, Ian},
	date = {1980},
}

@book{barber_english_2009,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {{The English language: A historical introduction}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Barber, Charles and Beal, Joan C. and Shaw, Philip A.},
	date = {2009},
}

@book{stockwell_english_2001,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {{English words: History and structure}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Stockwell, Robert and Minkova, Donka},
	date = {2001},
}

@book{durkin_borrowed_2014,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {{Borrowed words: A history of loanwords in English}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Durkin, Philip},
	date = {2014},
}

@inbook{sylvester_studying_2017,
	location = {Newcastle upon Tyne},
	title = {{Studying French-origin Middle English lexis using the Bilingual Thesaurus of Medieval England: {a} comparison of the vocabulary of two occupational domains}},
	pages = {217--228},
	booktitle = {Studies in Language Variation and Change 2: {S}hifts and Turns in the History of {English}},
	publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Marcus, Imogen},
	bookauthor = {Delesse, Catherine and Louviot, Elise},
	date = {2017},
}

@inbook{townend_contacts_2006,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Contacts and Conflicts: {Latin, Norse, and French}},
	pages = {61--85},
	booktitle = {{The Oxford} History of {English}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Townend, Matthew},
	bookauthor = {Mugglestone, Lynda},
	date = {2006},
}

@article{sylvester_analysis_2020,
	title = {An Analysis of {French} Borrowings at the Hypernymic and Hyponymic Levels of {Middle English}},
	volume = {16},
	pages = {1--32},
	journaltitle = {Lexis},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Tiddeman, Megan and Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {French, Middle English, lexical borrowing, language contact, semantic hierarchy, technical language},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\5S87RMHI\\Sylvester et al. - 2020 - An Analysis of French Borrowings at the Hypernymic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sylvester_lexical_2022,
	title = {{Lexical borrowing in the Middle English period: A multi-domain analysis of semantic outcomes}},
	volume = {26},
	pages = {237--261},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{English Language \& Linguistics}},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Tiddeman, Megan and Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {co-hyponyms, lexical borrowing, lexical replacement, semantic shift},
	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\JCIHDAAF\\Sylvester et al. - Lexical borrowing in the Middle English period a .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\VW53L8Q8\\B83A68089915746EC1B613C20761E985.html:text/html},
}

@article{poplack_myths_2012,
	title = {{Myths and facts about loanword development}},
	volume = {24},
	abstract = {This study traces the diachronic trajectory and synchronic behavior of English-origin items in Quebec French over a real-time period of 61 years. We test three standard assumptions about such foreign incorporations: (1) they increase in frequency; (2) they originate as code-switches and are gradually integrated into recipient-language grammar; and (3) the processes underlying code-switching and borrowing are the same. Results do not support the assumptions. Few other-language items persist, let alone increase. Linguistic integration is abrupt, not gradual. Speakers consistently distinguish lone other-language items from multiword fragments on each of five linguistic diagnostics tested. They borrow the former, and code-switch the latter. Code-switches are not converted into borrowings; instead the decision to code-switch or borrow is made at the moment the other-language item is accessed. We explore the implications of these findings for understanding the processes by which other-language incorporations achieve the status of native items and their consequences for theories of code-switching and borrowing.},
	pages = {279--315},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{Language Variation and Change}},
	author = {Poplack, Shana and Dion, Nathalie},
	date = {2012},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\YYNSUVE2\\Poplack and Dion - 2012 - Myths and facts about loanword development.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\F8HDNYZU\\088F076DC0057613D6CA7DB3F545AE22.html:text/html},
}

@book{clanchy_memory_1993,
	location = {London},
	edition = {2},
	title = {From Memory to Written Record: {England 1066--1307}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Clanchy, Michael T.},
	date = {1993},
	keywords = {History / Europe / Medieval, History / General},
}

@incollection{ingham_penetration_2019,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {{Penetration of French-origin lexis in Middle English occupational domains}},
	abstract = {This study reassesses whether the contact influence of French on Middle English should continue to be conceptualised essentially as high-status prestige borrowing. French-origin items were found to constitute an average of 27\% of the specific lexis of six occupational domains collected in the Bilingual Thesaurus of Mediaeval English Occupations (Sylvester, Marcus \& Ingham 2017), such as trade, building and farming. Corresponding figures for Scandinavian and Dutch loans were far lower. For French to have permeated the lexis of these domains so extensively, speakers of French must have interacted significantly with English users in such occupations. Contact with French evidently exerted influence not only on the language of social elite pursuits, but also on that of the technology relating to everyday occupations.},
	pages = {459--478},
	booktitle = {{Historical Linguistics 2015: Selected papers from the 22nd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Naples, 27-31 July 2015}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Ingham, Richard and Sylvester, Louise and Marcus, Imogen},
	editor = {Cennamo, Michela and Fabrizio, Claudia},
	date = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\BLBWGDXE\\cilt.348.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{short_anglo-normand_2009,
	location = {Paris},
	title = {{L'anglo-normand au siècle de Chaucer: un regain de statistiques}},
	pages = {67--77},
	booktitle = {Le Plurilinguisme au {Moyen Age: Orient-Occident}},
	publisher = {L’Harmattan},
	author = {Short, Ian},
	editor = {Kappler, Claire and Thiolier-Méjean, Suzanne},
	date = {2009},
}

@incollection{kay_unlocking_2009,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Unlocking the {OED: The} Story of the Historical Thesaurus of the {OED}},
	volume = {1},
	pages = {xiii--xx},
	booktitle = {Historical thesaurus of the {Oxford English Dictionary}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Kay, Christian J. and Roberts, Jane and Samuels, Michael Louis},
	date = {2009},
	file = {Kay\: Unlocking the OED\: The Story of the Historical... - Google Scholar:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\QBN3A22B\\scholar_lookup.html:text/html},
}

@book{bailey_english_2002,
	location = {Manchester},
	title = {{The English manor c.1200–c.1500}},
	publisher = {Manchester University Press},
	author = {Bailey, Mark},
	date = {2002},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\PK4ESYFN\\9781526112705.html:text/html},
}

@book{bennett_life_1938,
	location = {London},
	title = {{Life on the English manor: A} Study of Peasant Conditions 1150-1400},
	abstract = {This book gives a picture of the daily and yearly round of the English peasant in the Middle Ages. H. S. Bennett explains the feudal system which linked the poor man to the soil and to the service of his lord and the church in a pattern of customary dues and rights, payments, labours and small privileges. The author gives lively details of the pattern of medieval country life: the influence of the seasons and the state of contemporary knowledge on the work of the fields; the place of religion in everyday life; the workings of feudal justice; popular attitudes to the social structure; the business of getting a living. Since all the inhabitants of England outside the few large towns were essentially countrymen, this is an introduction to life in medieval England as a whole.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Bennett, Henry Stanley},
	date = {1938},
	keywords = {History / Europe / Medieval, Business \& Economics / Economic History, History / Europe / Great Britain / General, History / Social History},
}

@book{samuels_linguistic_1975,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Linguistic Evolution: {W}ith Special Reference to {English}},
	abstract = {Professor Samuels presents a comprehensive explanation of the reasons for linguistic change, applying his theory in particular to the history of English. He assesses and mediates between the conflicting dogmas of different schools of linguistics, and offers an alternative theory of linguistic change which is basically simple but has the scope to cover any type of change.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Samuels, Michael Louis},
	date = {1975},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General},
}

@book{turville-petre_england_1996,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {England the nation: {Language,} literature, and national identity, 1290-1340},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Turville-Petre, Thorlac},
	date = {1996},
}

@collection{wogan-browne_language_2013,
	location = {York},
	title = {Language and Culture in Medieval {Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500}},
	publisher = {York Medieval Press},
	editor = {Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn and Collette, Carolyn P. and Kowaleski, Maryanne and Mooney, Linne and Putter, Ad and Trotter, David},
	date = {2013},
	keywords = {Foreign Language Study / French, Literary Collections / Medieval, Literary Criticism / Medieval, Literary Criticism / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh},
}

@incollection{trotter_stuffed_2009,
	location = {York},
	title = {{‘Stuffed Latin’: Vernacular evidence in Latin documents}},
	pages = {153--163},
	booktitle = {{Language and culture in medieval Britain: The French of England, c.1100–c.1500}},
	publisher = {York Medieval Press},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	editor = {Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn and Collette, Carolyn P. and Kowaleski, Maryanne and Mooney, Linne and Putter, Ad and Trotter, David},
	date = {2009},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\6VHVSQPG\\D7207D430FB63D17E55F364A160AB254.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{kay_when_2004,
	location = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
	title = {When Ignorance is Wisdom: {Some} day-to-day problems of classification},
	pages = {59--67},
	booktitle = {Categorization in the History of {English}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Kay, Christian J.},
	editor = {Kay, Christian J. and Smith, Jeremy J.},
	date = {2004},
}

@incollection{rosch_principles_1978,
	location = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
	title = {{Principles of categorization}},
	pages = {27--48},
	booktitle = {{Cognition and Categorization}},
	publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
	author = {Rosch, Eleanor},
	editor = {Rosch, Eleanor and Lloyd, Barbara B.},
	date = {1978},
}

@book{roberts_thesaurus_2000,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {A Thesaurus of {Old English: Introduction} and thesaurus},
	volume = {1},
	publisher = {Rodopi},
	author = {Roberts, Jane and Kay, Christian J.},
	date = {2000},
	keywords = {Literary Criticism / General},
}

@incollection{geeraerts_where_1988,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Where does prototypicality come from?},
	pages = {207--229},
	booktitle = {Topics in cognitive linguistics},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	editor = {Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida},
	date = {1988},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\L5PPRKLZ\\cilt.50.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{glynn_semasiology_2015,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {Semasiology and onomasiology: {Empirical} questions between meaning, naming and context},
	pages = {47--80},
	booktitle = {Change of Paradigms – New Paradoxes: {Recontextualizing} Language and Linguistics},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Glynn, Dylan},
	editor = {Daems, Jocelyne and Zenner, Eline and Heylen, Kris and Speelman, Dirk and Cuyckens, Hubert},
	date = {2015},
}

@book{baugh_history_2002,
	location = {London},
	edition = {5},
	title = {{A history of the English language}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas},
	date = {2002},
}

@incollection{wright_mixed-language_2013,
	location = {Turnhout},
	title = {Mixed-Language Accounts as Sources for Linguistic Analysis},
	series = {Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe},
	pages = {123--136},
	booktitle = {{Multilingualism in Medieval Britain (c. 1066-1520)}},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Jefferson, Judith and Putter, Ad},
	date = {2013},
}

@inbook{durkin_relationship_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{The relationship of borrowing from French and Latin in the Middle English period with the development of the lexicon of Standard English: Some observations and a lot of questions}},
	abstract = {11. The relationship of borrowing from French and Latin in the Middle English period with the development of the lexicon of Standard English: Some observations and a lot of questions was published in The Multilingual Origins of Standard English on page 343.},
	pages = {343--364},
	booktitle = {The Multilingual Origins of Standard {English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Durkin, Philip},
	bookauthor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\E6KQY2FE\\html.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{ingham_medieval_2018,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Medieval bilingualism in England: On the rarity of vernacular code-switching}},
	abstract = {15. Medieval bilingualism in England: On the rarity of vernacular code-switching was published in Multilingual Practices in Language History on page 319.},
	pages = {319--338},
	booktitle = {Multilingual Practices in Language History: {English} and Beyond},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Ingham, Richard},
	editor = {{Päivi, Pahta} and Skaffari, Janne and Wright, Laura},
	date = {2018},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\QUP3TL4U\\html.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{trotter_language_1996,
	location = {Odense},
	title = {Language Contact and Lexicography: {The case of Anglo-Norman}},
	pages = {21--39},
	booktitle = {The Origins and Development of Emigrant Languages: {Proceedings from the Second {Rasmus Rask} Colloqium, Odense University, November 1994}},
	publisher = {Odense University Press},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	editor = {Nielsen, Hans Frede and Schøsler, Lene},
	date = {1996},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\J9JE5CDB\\nss.17.html:text/html},
}

@inbook{sylvester_evidence_2004,
	location = {Coruña},
	title = {Evidence for Diachronic Semantic Change In the {Historical Thesaurus of English: a} Cognitive Linguistic Approach},
	pages = {189--221},
	booktitle = {{New trends in English historical linguistics: An Atlantic view}},
	publisher = {Universidade da Coruña},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise},
	bookauthor = {Moskowich-Spiegel Fandino, Isabel and Crespo Garcia, Begoña},
	date = {2004},
	file = {(26) (DOC) Evidence for Diachronic Semantic Change In the Historical Thesaurus of English\: a Cognitive Linguistic Approach | Louise Sylvester - Academia.edu:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\39523GCC\\Evidence_for_Diachronic_Semantic_Change_In_the_Historical_Thesaurus_of_English_a_Cognitive_Ling.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{kay_diachronic_2016,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Diachronic and synchronic thesauruses},
	abstract = {No abstract available.},
	pages = {367--380},
	booktitle = {{The Oxford} Handbook of Lexicography},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Kay, Christian J. and Alexander, Marc},
	editor = {Durkin, Philip},
	date = {2016},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\EX9DR37Y\\Kay and Alexander - 2015 - Diachronic and synchronic thesauruses.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\R25T7GZY\\70403.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{geeraerts_lexicographical_2006,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{The lexicographical treatment of prototypical polysemy}},
	abstract = {Chapter 13. The lexicographical treatment of prototypical polysemy was published in Words and Other Wonders on page 327.},
	pages = {327--344},
	booktitle = {Words and Other Wonders: {Papers} on Lexical and Semantic Topics},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	date = {2006},
}

@book{kay_english_2015,
	location = {Edinburgh},
	title = {English Historical Semantics},
	abstract = {An overview of the structural and cognitive approaches to English historical semantics This guide gives students a solid grounding in the basic methodology of how to analyse corpus data to study new words entering the language or language change. It uses a number of case studies to provide insights into collocations, phraseology, metaphor and metonymy, syntactic structures, male and female language, and language change. Students will become proficient in the key concepts in semantic change by applying ideas from theoretical semantics to historical data. They will also cover recent work at the intersections between historical semantics and other disciplines. Focuses primarily on Lexical Semantics – the study of word meaning Offers a solid grounding in the basic methodology for corpus data analysis Features extended case studies on colour and kinship terms Includes exercises and suggestions for further reading in every chapter},
	publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
	author = {Kay, Christian J. and Allan, Kathryn},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {Language \& Linguistics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\7AMF2RIC\\Kay and Allan - 2022 - English Historical Semantics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@collection{wright_multilingual_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {The Multilingual Origins of Standard {English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative},
}

@incollection{trotter_language_2006,
	location = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {Language contact, multilingualism, and the evidence problem},
	pages = {73--90},
	booktitle = {The Beginning of Standardization: {Language} and Culture in Fourteenth-Century {England}},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	editor = {Schaefer, Ursula},
	date = {2006},
}

@incollection{schendl_language_2015,
	location = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {Language Contact and Code-switching in Multilingual Late Medieval {England}},
	pages = {15--34},
	booktitle = {Approaches to {Middle English: Variation}, Contact and Change},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Schendl, Herbert},
	editor = {Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo and Calle-Martín, Javier},
	date = {2015},
}

@incollection{kay_historical_1984,
	location = {Tübingen},
	title = {{The Historical Thesaurus of English}},
	abstract = {{THE} {HISTORICAL} {THESAURUS} {OF} {ENGLISH} was published in {LEXeter} '83: proceedings on page 87.},
	pages = {87--91},
	booktitle = {{{LEXeter} '83: proceedings: Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography at Exeter, 9–12 September 1983}},
	publisher = {Max Niemeyer Verlag},
	author = {Kay, Christian J.},
	editor = {Hartmann, Reinhard R. K.},
	date = {1984},
}

@incollection{kay_turning_2002,
	location = {Leiden},
	title = {{Turning the dictionary inside out: Some issues in the compilation of a historical thesaurus}},
	pages = {109--135},
	booktitle = {A Changing World of Words},
	publisher = {Brill},
	author = {Kay, Christian J. and Wotherspoon, Irené A. W.},
	editor = {Díaz Vera, Javier E.},
	date = {2002},
	keywords = {Indo-European Languages, Languages and Linguistics, Semantics},
}

@inbook{wright_historical_2013,
	location = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {On historical dictionaries and language boundaries},
	pages = {11--26},
	booktitle = {Evur happie \& glorious, ffor I hafe at will grete riches},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	bookauthor = {Sikorska, Liliana and Krygier, Marcin},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{sylvester_bilingual_2017,
	title = {A Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval {England: Some} Issues at the Interface of Semantics and Lexicography},
	volume = {30},
	pages = {309--321},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Lexicography},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Marcus, Imogen and Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2017},
	keywords = {⚠️ Invalid {DOI}},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\XNQ9PH8M\\Sylvester et al. - 2017 - A Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\NV5CIMFQ\\2555487.html:text/html},
}

@book{sabapathy_officers_2014,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Officers and Accountability in Medieval {England 1170–1300}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Sabapathy, John},
	date = {2014},
	keywords = {action of account, bailiff, court, Exchequer, manorial accounts, manorial treatises, steward},
}

@book{schofield_peasant_2003,
	location = {London},
	title = {Peasant and Community in Medieval {England, 1200-1500}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Schofield, Phillipp R.},
	date = {2003},
}

@book{dyer_making_2002,
	location = {New Haven},
	title = {Making a Living in the {Middle Ages: The} People of {Britain 850-1520}},
	abstract = {Dramatic social and economic change during the middle ages altered the lives of the people of Britain in far-reaching ways, from the structure of their families to the ways they made their livings. In this masterly book, preeminent medieval historian Christopher Dyer presents a fresh view of the British economy from the ninth to the sixteenth century and a vivid new account of medieval life. He begins his volume with the formation of towns and villages in the ninth and tenth centuries and ends with the inflation, population rise, and colonial expansion of the sixteenth century.  This is a book about ideas and attitudes as well as the material world, and Dyer shows how people regarded the economy and responded to economic change. He examines the growth of towns, the clearing of lands, the Great Famine, the Black Death, and the upheavals of the fifteenth century through the eyes of those who experienced them. He also explores the dilemmas and decisions of those who were making a living in a changing world--from peasants, artisans, and wage earners to barons and monks. Drawing on archaeological and landscape evidence along with more conventional archives and records, the author offers here an engaging survey of British medieval economic history unrivaled in breadth and clarity.},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Dyer, Christopher},
	date = {2002},
	keywords = {History / General},
}

@book{lerer_inventing_2007,
	location = {New York},
	title = {Inventing {English: A} Portable History of the Language},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	author = {Lerer, Seth},
	date = {2007},
}

@book{matras_language_2009,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Language Contact},
	series = {Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics},
	abstract = {Most societies in today's world are multilingual. 'Language contact' occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages influence each other. This book is an introduction to the subject, covering individual and societal multilingualism, the acquisition of two or more languages from birth, second language acquisition in adulthood, language change, linguistic typology, language processing and the structure of the language faculty. It explains the effects of multilingualism on society and language policy, as well as the consequences that long-term bilingualism within communities can have for the structure of languages. Drawing on the author's own first-hand observations of child and adult bilingualism, the book provides a clear analysis of such phenomena as language convergence, grammatical borrowing, and mixed languages.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Matras, Yaron},
	date = {2009},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\A6VQSIKQ\\175A53FA1383BB7D2858124728D596E8.html:text/html},
}

@article{hullen_onomasiological_1996,
	title = {An Onomasiological Version of the {OED}?},
	volume = {27},
	pages = {15--16},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Henry Sweet Society Newsletter},
	author = {Hüllen, Werner},
	date = {1996},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\BDE2QC65\\02674971.1996.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{ingham_vernacular_2016,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {Vernacular Bilingualism in Professional Spaces, 1200 to 1400},
	pages = {145--165},
	booktitle = {{Multilingualism in the Middle Ages and early modern age: Communication and miscommunication in the premodern world}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Ingham, Richard and Marcus, Imogen},
	editor = {Classen, Albrecht},
	date = {2016},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\UPJIYEPM\\html.html:text/html},
}

@book{geeraerts_diachronic_1997,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {{Diachronic prototype semantics: A contribution to historical lexicology}},
	abstract = {Prototype theory makes a crucial distinction between central and peripheral sense of words. Geeraerts explores the implications of this model for a theory of semantic change, in the first full-scale treatment of the impact of the most recent developments in lexicological theory on the study ofmeaning change. He identifies structural features of the development of word meanings which follow from a prototype-theoretical model of semantic structure, and incorporates these diachronic prototypicality effects into a theory of meaning change.},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	date = {1997},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General},
}

@collection{jefferson_multilingualism_2013,
	location = {Turnhout},
	title = {Multilingualism in Medieval {Britain (c. 1066-1520): Sources} and Analysis},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	editor = {Jefferson, Judith and Putter, Ad},
	date = {2013},
}

@book{trotter_multilingualism_2000,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Multilingualism in Later Medieval {Britain}},
	publisher = {Boydell \& Brewer},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2000},
	keywords = {Literary Criticism / Medieval, History / Europe / Medieval, Language Arts \& Disciplines / General},
}

@article{timofeeva_survival_2018,
	title = {{Survival and loss of Old English religious vocabulary between 1150 and 1350}},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {225--247},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{English Language \& Linguistics}},
	author = {Timofeeva, Olga},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {French, Middle English, Old English, religious vocabulary, social networks},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\AVD9NQRE\\Timofeeva - 2018 - Survival and loss of Old English religious vocabul.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\AHYXVKY8\\BA4EEFD39CCED022CB8A66093290FDC7.html:text/html},
}

@book{rynell_rivalry_1948,
	location = {Lund},
	title = {The Rivalry of {Scandinavian} and Native Synonyms in {Middle English: Especially} Taken and Nimen, with an Excursus on Nema and Taka in {Old Scandinavian}},
	publisher = {C. W. K. Gleerup},
	author = {Rynell, Alarik},
	date = {1948},
}

@incollection{sylvester_categories_2004,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {{Categories and taxonomies: A cognitive approach to lexicographical resources}},
	pages = {237--264},
	booktitle = {Categorization in the History of {English}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise},
	editor = {Kay, Christian J.},
	date = {2004},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\HRF4MRTL\\cilt.261.html:text/html},
}

@article{sylvester_contact_2018,
	title = {Contact effects on the technical lexis of {Middle English: a} semantic hierarchic approach},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {249--264},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {English Language \& Linguistics},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {Middle English, lexical borrowing, semantic classification, technical vocabulary},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\8M5SMKFK\\Sylvester - 2018 - Contact effects on the technical lexis of Middle E.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\IBGGS77W\\0306FDA578BBD9D432BA7C2A747CC359.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{sylvester_role_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{The role of multilingualism in the emergence of a technical register in the Middle English period}},
	pages = {365--379},
	booktitle = {The Multilingual Origins of {Standard English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\PDVNA3DD\\html.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{kay_historical_2000,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Historical Semantics and Historical Lexicography: {will} the twain ever meet?},
	pages = {53--68},
	booktitle = {Lexicology, semantics, and lexicography: {selected} papers from the fourth {G.L. Brook Symposium, Manchester, August 1998}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Kay, Christian J.},
	editor = {Coleman, Julie and Kay, Christian J.},
	date = {2000},
}

@incollection{geeraerts_lexicography_2016,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {{Lexicography and theories of lexical semantics}},
	pages = {425--438},
	booktitle = {{The Oxford} Handbook of Lexicography},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	editor = {Durkin, Philip},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{geeraerts_introduction_1989,
	title = {{Introduction: Prospects and problems of prototype theory}},
	volume = {27},
	pages = {587--612},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Linguistics},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	date = {1989},
}

@incollection{sylvester_lexical_2023,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Lexical replacement, retention and borrowing in Middle English: A case Study}},
	pages = {167--189},
	booktitle = {{Language contact in the history of English}},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Tiddeman, Megan and Ingham, Richard},
	editor = {Mazzon, Gabriella},
	date = {2023},
}

@article{haugen_dialect_1966,
	title = {Dialect, Language, Nation},
	volume = {68},
	pages = {922--935},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{American Anthropologist}},
	author = {Haugen, Einar},
	date = {1966},
}

@book{kasmann_studien_1961,
	location = {Tübingen},
	title = {{Studien zum kirchlichen Wortschatz des Mittelenglischen, 1100-1350: ein Beitrag zum Problem der Sprachmischung}},
	publisher = {Niemeyer Max Verlag},
	author = {Käsmann, Hans},
	date = {1961},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\CWSXC96M\\1130000796083718272.html:text/html},
}

@article{mevis_prototype_2021,
	title = {{Prototype effects behind French loans in Middle English}},
	volume = {5},
	abstract = {It is a well-established fact that the Norman Conquest profoundly transformed the English society and had a significant impact on the course of evolution of its language. As a result of the peculiar situation of English, French and Latin trilingualism in medieval England, Middle English displayed a reorientation of its strategies for word creation, by increasingly relying on lexical borrowing. The presence of Romance-derived loanwords thus introduced some degree of onomasiological variation into the language, so that the coexistence of native and foreign lexical resources would eventually become a recurring feature of Middle English. Within this well-researched area, the prototype aim of this paper is to explore the contribution of Cognitive Semantics, and more specifically of prototype theory, to French lexical borrowing, and to investigate the many ways in which may help account for the integration of loanwords into the English lexicon – or conversely, for the retention of native vocabulary. First of all, the substitution of cultural models made for rather swift changes into the lexicon, as loanwords were introduced to better reflect the new cultural prototypes. Prototypicality can also work both within lexical categories at the prototypicality intensional level, as a differentiating factor between near-synonyms, and across categories at the extensional level, in the restructuration of category members around an onomasiologically salient concept. The objective of this paper is thus to show how prototypicality comes into play at various levels in processes of semantic change, and how prototype theory can therefore be deemed a relevant framework for the analysis of loanwords.},
	pages = {34--56},
	journaltitle = {Language, Mind, Culture and Society},
	author = {Mevis, Alice},
	date = {2021},
	file = {Mevis - 2021 - Prototype effects behind French loans in Middle En.pdf:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\CZGJHHVH\\Mevis - 2021 - Prototype effects behind French loans in Middle En.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hanks_corpus_2012,
	title = {The Corpus Revolution in Lexicography},
	volume = {25},
	abstract = {Corpus-driven lexicography and the International Journal of Lexicography ({IJL}) made their first appearance in the world in 1987 and 1988 respectively. This article traces the impact of corpus evidence and corpus technology on lexicography—in particular English lexicography for foreign learners—since that time, through the eyes of contributors to the journal and their contemporaries. It also discusses prospects for the future of corpus-based and corpus-driven lexicography.},
	pages = {398--436},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Lexicography},
	shortjournal = {International Journal of Lexicography},
	author = {Hanks, Patrick},
	date = {2012},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\55KDNN2S\\923874.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{kay_developing_2012,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {Developing the Historical Thesaurus of the {OED}},
	pages = {41--58},
	booktitle = {Current methods in historical semantics},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Kay, Christian J.},
	editor = {Allan, Kathryn and Robinson, Justyna A.},
	date = {2012},
}

@book{howe_migration_1989,
	location = {New Haven},
	title = {{Migration and mythmaking in Anglo-Saxon England}},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Howe, Nicholas},
	date = {1989},
	keywords = {English literature},
}

@article{short_patrons_1991,
	title = {Patrons and Polyglots: {French} Literature in Twelfth-Century {England}},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {229--249},
	journaltitle = {Anglo-Norman Studies},
	author = {Short, Ian},
	date = {1991},
}

@online{rothwell_anglo-french_2006,
	title = {{Anglo-French and the {AND}}},
	url = {https://anglo-norman.net/anglo-french/},
	titleaddon = {Anglo-Norman Dictionary},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {2006},
}

@article{rothwell_legacy_1993,
	title = {{The Legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English}},
	volume = {109},
	pages = {16--46},
	journaltitle = {{Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie}},
	author = {Rothwell, William},
	date = {1993},
}

@incollection{ingham_later_2010,
	location = {Woodbridge},
	title = {{Later Anglo-Norman as a contact variety of French?}},
	pages = {8--25},
	booktitle = {{The Anglo-Norman language and its contexts}},
	publisher = {York Medieval Press},
	author = {Ingham, Richard},
	editor = {Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2010},
}

@collection{bos_vie_1881,
	location = {Paris},
	title = {{La vie de saint Gilles, par Guillaume de Berneville}},
	publisher = {Firmin Didot et cie},
	editor = {Bos, Alphonse and Paris, Gaston Bruno Paulin},
	date = {1881},
}

@book{baker_manual_1990,
	location = {Aldershot},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Manual of Law {French}},
	publisher = {Scolar Press},
	author = {Baker, John Hamilton},
	date = {1990},
}

@incollection{markman_two_1981,
	location = {Hilldale, {NJ}},
	title = {Two Different Principles of Conceptual Organization},
	volume = {1},
	pages = {199--236},
	booktitle = {Advances in Developmental Psychology},
	publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
	author = {Markman, Ellen M.},
	editor = {Lamb, Michael E. and Brown, Ann. L.},
	date = {1981},
}

@book{sylvester_studies_1994,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Studies in the Lexical Field of Expectation},
	publisher = {Rodopi},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise},
	date = {1994},
}

@book{taylor_linguistic_1995,
	location = {Oxford},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Linguistic Categorization: {Prototypes} in Linguistic Theory},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Taylor, John R.},
	date = {1995},
}

@incollection{rosch_internal_1973,
	location = {New York},
	title = {{On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories}},
	pages = {111--144},
	booktitle = {{Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language}},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Rosch, Eleanor},
	editor = {Moore, Timothy E.},
	date = {1973},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\TL8EDYSI\\B9780125058506500104.html:text/html},
}

@article{rosch_cognitive_1975,
	title = {Cognitive representations of semantic categories},
	volume = {104},
	pages = {192--233},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
	author = {Rosch, Eleanor},
	date = {1975},
	keywords = {Semantics, Classification (Cognitive Process), Cognitive Mediation},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\ES2WIPYU\\1976-00172-001.html:text/html},
}

@book{myers-scotton_duelling_1997,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Duelling Languages: {Grammatical} Structure in Codeswitching},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Myers-Scotton, Carol},
	date = {1997},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General},
}

@incollection{trotter_death_2011,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Death, taxes and property: Some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton, and York}},
	pages = {155--189},
	booktitle = {Code-switching in early {English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	editor = {Schendl, Herbert and Wright, Laura},
	date = {2011},
}

@incollection{schendl_code-switching_2011,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Code-switching in early English: Historical background and methodological and theoretical issues}},
	pages = {15--45},
	booktitle = {Code-switching ineEarly {English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Schendl, Herbert and Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Schendl, Herbert and Wright, Laura},
	date = {2011},
}

@incollection{wright_inroduction_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Inroduction}},
	pages = {3--15},
	booktitle = {The multilingual origins of {Standard English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{timofeeva_royal_2022,
	title = {Royal chancery after 1066},
	volume = {123},
	pages = {32--60},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{Neuphilologische Mitteilungen}},
	author = {Timofeeva, Olga},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {loanwords, Old English, social networks, (Anglo-)Norman, Anglo-Latin, royal chancery},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\YFSXZPFL\\Timofeeva - 2022 - Royal chancery after 1066.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{wright_rising_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Rising living standards, the demise of Anglo-Norman and mixed-language writing, and standard English}},
	pages = {515--532},
	booktitle = {The Multilingual Origins of {Standard English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
	file = {Wright - 2020 - 18. Rising living standards, the demise of Anglo-N.pdf:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\9LEZGEF3\\Wright - 2020 - 18. Rising living standards, the demise of Anglo-N.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{pope_latin_1952,
	location = {Manchester},
	title = {{From Latin to Modern French} with Especial Consideration of {Anglo-Norman: Phonology} and Morphology},
	publisher = {Manchester University Press},
	author = {Pope, Mildred Katharine},
	date = {1952},
}

@incollection{dekeyser_romance_1986,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{Romance loans in Middle English: A re-assessment}},
	volume = {1},
	pages = {253--265},
	booktitle = {Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Dekeyser, Xavier},
	editor = {Kastovsky, Dieter and Szwedek, Aleksander},
	date = {1986},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Grammar \& Punctuation},
}

@article{mosse_chronology_1943,
	title = {{On the chronology of French loan‐words in English}},
	volume = {25},
	pages = {33--40},
	journaltitle = {English Studies},
	author = {Mossé, Fernand},
	date = {1943},
}

@article{coleman_chronology_1995,
	title = {The Chronology of {French and Latin} Loan Words in {English}},
	volume = {93},
	abstract = {A comparison is made between earlier studies of French loan words, whose slightly varying methodologies reveal some interesting trends. Most of the earlier studies have restricted them selves to consideration of unaffixed loans taken directly from French with no alteration in sense, but this study compares borrowing from French and Latin as well as considering semantic and morphological development. Borrowing from each language is considered in relation to losses and in relation to the size of the lexis as a whole.},
	pages = {95--124},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
	author = {Coleman, Julie},
	date = {1995},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\AY7M6TVG\\j.1467-968X.1995.tb00437.html:text/html},
}

@book{jespersen_growth_1926,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Growth and Structure of the {English} Language},
	publisher = {Basil Blackwell},
	author = {Jespersen, Otto},
	date = {1926},
}

@incollection{wright_critical_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{A critical look at previous accounts of the standardisation of English}},
	pages = {17--38},
	booktitle = {{The multilingual origins of Standard English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Wright, Laura},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
}

@incollection{ashdowne_-mannus_2020,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {{-mannus makyth man(n)? Latin as an indirect source for English lexical history}},
	pages = {411--441},
	booktitle = {{The multilingual origins of Standard English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Ashdowne, Richard},
	editor = {Wright, Laura},
	date = {2020},
}

@book{geeraerts_theories_2010,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Theories of Lexical Semantics},
	abstract = {Abstract. Theories of Lexical Semantics offers a comprehensive overview of the major traditions of word meaning research in linguistics. In spite of the growing},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	date = {2010},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\GID5P9TA\\4982.html:text/html},
}

@book{schafer_documentation_1980,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {{Documentation in the Oxford English Dictionary: Shakespeare and Nashe as test cases}},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Schäfer, Jürgen},
	date = {1980},
}

@incollection{harvey_tenant_1991,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Tenant farming and farmers: {The Home Counties}},
	volume = {3},
	pages = {662--679},
	booktitle = {{The agrarian history of England and Wales}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Harvey, P. D. A.},
	editor = {Miller, Edward},
	date = {1991},
}

@article{bailey_transformation_2014,
	title = {{The transformation of customary tenures in southern England, c.1350 to c.1500}},
	volume = {62},
	pages = {210--230},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Agricultural History Review},
	author = {Bailey, Mark},
	date = {2014},
}

@article{sylvester_semantic_2022,
	title = {Semantic Shift in {Middle English: F}arming and Trade As Test Cases},
	volume = {120},
	pages = {427--446},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{Transactions of the Philological Society}},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Tiddeman, Megan and Ingham, Richard},
	date = {2022},
	file = {Semantic Shift in Middle English\: Farming and Trade As Test Cases - Sylvester - 2022 - Transactions of the Philological Society - Wiley Online Library:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\5SMVGIPF\\1467-968X.html:text/html},
}

@book{wilson_early_1968,
	location = {London},
	edition = {3},
	title = {{Early middle English literature}},
	volume = {53},
	publisher = {Methuen \& Co},
	author = {Wilson, Richard Middlewood},
	date = {1968},
}

@incollection{geeraerts_meaning_2003,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Meaning and Definition},
	pages = {83--93},
	booktitle = {A Practical Guide to Lexicography},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
	editor = {van Sterkenburg, Piet},
	date = {2003},
}

@incollection{sylvester_reframing_2023,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Reframing the Interaction between Native Terms and Loanwords: {Some} Data from Occupational Domains in {Middle English}},
	series = {New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics},
	abstract = {The relationship between native lexical items and terms borrowed from other languages has traditionally been understood as one of competition. The Historical Thesaurus has provided modern scholars with the tools to classify vocabulary using componential analysis and to investigate lexical change up and down the semantic hierarchy. This study makes use of vocabulary collected for the Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England, which has been augmented with more general terms and arranged into hyponymic levels. It focuses first on the lexis of Trade to provide a detailed case study, and then draws on work undertaken for the Technical Language and Semantic Shift in Middle English project to present a larger dataset taken from various occupational domains. Results suggest that the relationship between incoming loanwords and native lexis in the Middle English period may be reframed more as one of harmonious co-existence, with the enlarged vocabulary providing the conditions for the early beginnings of lexical standardisation.},
	pages = {159--186},
	booktitle = {{Medieval English} in a Multilingual Context: {Current} Methodologies and Approaches},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Sylvester, Louise and Tiddeman, Megan},
	editor = {Pons-Sanz, Sara M. and Sylvester, Louise},
	date = {2023},
}

@book{keller_code-switching_2020,
	location = {London},
	title = {{Code-switching: Unifying} Contemporary and Historical Perspectives},
	abstract = {This book systematically discusses the link between bilingual language production and its manifestation in historical documents, drawing together two branches of linguistics which have much in common but are traditionally dealt with separately. By combining the study of historical mixed texts with the principles of modern code-switching and bilingualism research, the author argues that the cognitive processes underpinning the human capacity to produce mixed utterances have remained unchanged throughout history, even as the languages themselves are constantly changing. This book will be of interest to scholars of historical linguistics, syntactic theory (particularly generative grammar), language variation and change.},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Keller, Mareike L.},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Literary Criticism / Medieval, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Sociolinguistics, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Grammar \& Punctuation, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Syntax, Literary Criticism / Ancient \& Classical},
}

@incollection{trotter_language_2010,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Language Labels, Language Change, and Lexis},
	pages = {43--61},
	booktitle = {{Medieval multilingualism: The Francophone world and its neighbours}},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	editor = {Kleinhenz, Christopher and Busby, Keith},
	date = {2010},
}

@incollection{schreier_introduction_2013,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Introduction: {nothing} but a contact language...},
	pages = {1--17},
	booktitle = {English as a Contact Language},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne},
	editor = {Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne},
	date = {2013},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Historical \& Comparative, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / Sociolinguistics},
}

@collection{sweet_oldest_1885,
	location = {London},
	title = {The Oldest {English} Texts},
	publisher = {Trübner \& Company},
	editor = {Sweet, Henry},
	date = {1885},
}

@article{siegel_koines_1985,
	title = {Koines and koineization},
	volume = {14},
	abstract = {The term “koine” has been applied to a variety of languages, only some of which are analagous in form and function to the original Greek koinē. The term “koineization” has more recently been applied to the process of levelling which may result in a koine. This article examines various definitions and usages of these terms in the literature and proposes a more precise utilization in the context of contact and resultant mixing between linguistic subsystems. (Languages in contact, language mixing, pidgin and creole studies, social psychology)},
	pages = {357--378},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Language in Society},
	author = {Siegel, Jeff},
	date = {1985},
}

@book{dance_words_2003,
	location = {Tempe},
	title = {Words Derived from {Old Norse in Early Middle English: Studies} in the Vocabulary of the {South-West Midland Texts}},
	publisher = {Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies},
	author = {Dance, Richard},
	date = {2003},
}

@book{skaffari_studies_2009,
	location = {Turku},
	title = {{Studies in Early Middle English loanwords: Norse and French influences}},
	series = {Anglicana Turkuensia},
    number = {26},
	publisher = {University of Turku},
	author = {Skaffari, Janne},
	date = {2009},
}

@article{lutz_language_2013,
	title = {Language Contact and Prestige},
	volume = {131},
	pages = {94--122},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{Anglia}},
	author = {Lutz, Angelika},
	date = {2013},
}

@incollection{filppula_contact_2010,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Contact and the Early History of {English}},
	pages = {432--453},
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Language Contact},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	author = {Filppula, Markku},
	editor = {Hickey, Raymond},
	date = {2010},
	keywords = {“Anglo-Saxonist, ” going back to Victorian historians, contact and early history of English, English cleft construction ({CC}), Influence from Classical and later medieval Latin, Influence from French, Influence from Scandinavian languages, Insular Anglo-Saxon (Old English), main sources of external linguistic influences on English - in medieval period, main sources of foreign influence on Medieval English},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\MNSKARBA\\9781444318159.html:text/html},
}

@collection{filppula_celtic_2002,
	location = {Joensuu},
	title = {The {Celtic} Roots of {English}},
	publisher = {Joensuu University Press},
	editor = {Filppula, Markku and Klemola, Juhani and Pitkänen, Heli},
	date = {2002},
}

@article{hickey_early_1995,
	title = {{Early contact and parallels between English and Celtic}},
	volume = {4},
	pages = {87--119},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Vienna English Working Papers},
	author = {Hickey, Raymond},
	date = {1995},
}

@incollection{vennemann_atlantis_2001,
	location = {Amsterdam},
	title = {{Atlantis Semitica: structural contact features in Celtic and English}},
	pages = {351--369},
	booktitle = {Historical Linguistics 1999},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Vennemann, Theo},
	editor = {Brinton, Laurel J.},
	date = {2001},
}

@incollection{mulholland_trials_2018,
	location = {Manchester},
	title = {{Trials in manorial courts in late medieval England}},
	pages = {81--101},
	booktitle = {{Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700}},
	publisher = {Manchester University Press},
	author = {Mulholland, Maureen},
	editor = {Mulholland, Maureen and Pullan, Brian},
	date = {2018},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\WDA6XV4G\\Mulholland - 2018 - Trials in manorial courts in late medieval England.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{razi_medieval_1996,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Medieval Society and the Manor Court},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	author = {Razi, Zvi and Smith, Richard Michael},
	date = {1996},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Linguistics / General, History / Europe / Medieval, History / Europe / Great Britain / General, History / Social History, Social Science / Sociology / General, History / Europe / Great Britain / Norman Conquest to Late Medieval (1066-1485), Law / Legal History, Social Science / Sociology / Rural},
}

@article{douglass_rise_1971,
	title = {The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: {A} Theoretical Model},
	volume = {31},
	pages = {777--803},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of Economic History},
	author = {Douglass, C. North and Thomas, Robert Paul},
	date = {1971},
	file = {The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System\: A Theoretical Model | The Journal of Economic History | Cambridge Core:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\983UZCHI\\072FE0297B9E016CB0B418B07FE35A82.html:text/html},
}

@article{dodwell_free_1944,
	title = {The Free Tenantry of the {Hundred Rolls}},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {163--171},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {The Economic History Review},
	author = {Dodwell, Barbara},
	date = {1944},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\BYFTCZX8\\Dodwell - 1944 - The Free Tenantry of the Hundred Rolls.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{liberman_origin_2024,
	location = {Oxford},
	title = {Origin Uncertain: {Unraveling} the Mysteries of Etymology},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Liberman, Anatoly},
	date = {2024},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\K35K3VED\\55954.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{bennett_women_2015,
	location = {Turnhout},
	title = {Women and Poverty: {Girls} on Their Own in {England} before 1348},
	pages = {299--323},
	booktitle = {Peasants and Lords in the Medieval {English} Economy. {Essays} in Honour of {Bruce M. S. Campbell}},
	publisher = {Brepols},
	author = {Bennett, Judith M.},
	editor = {Kowaleski, Maryanne and Langdon, John and Schofield, Phillipp R.},
	date = {2015},
}

@article{malkiel_studies_1959,
	title = {Studies in irreversible binomials},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {113--160},
	journaltitle = {{Lingua}},
	author = {Malkiel, Yakov},
	date = {1959},
}

@article{timofeeva_lexical_2017,
	title = {Lexical Loans and Their Diffusion in {Old English: of} ‘gospels’, ‘martyrs’, and ‘teachers’},
	volume = {89},
	pages = {215--237},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Studia Neophilologica},
	author = {Timofeeva, Olga},
	date = {2017},
	file = {Timofeeva - 2017 - Lexical Loans and Their Diffusion in Old English .pdf:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\GZYZEAFA\\Timofeeva - 2017 - Lexical Loans and Their Diffusion in Old English .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{dance_english_2017,
	location = {Berlin},
	title = {English Contact: {Norse}},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {202--219},
	booktitle = {{The history of English}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	author = {Dance, Richard},
	editor = {Brinton, Laurel J. and Bergs, Alexander},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{cole_native_2018,
	title = {{A native origin for Present-Day English they, their, them}},
	volume = {35},
	pages = {165--209},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{Diachronica}},
	author = {Cole, Marcelle},
	date = {2018},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\36VUVCEL\\dia.16026.html:text/html},
}

@online{bth_bilingual_nodate,
	title = {{Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England}},
	url = {https://thesaurus.ac.uk/bth/},
	author = {[{BTh}]},
}

@online{med_middle_nodate,
	title = {{Middle English Dictionary}},
	url = {https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary},
	author = {[{MED}]},
}

@online{and_anglo-norman_nodate,
	title = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
	url = {https://anglo-norman.net},
	shorttitle = {{{AND}}},
	author = {[{AND}]},
}

@online{dmlbs_dictionary_nodate,
	title = {{Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources}},
	url = {http://clt.brepolis.net/dmlbs/},
	author = {[{DMLBS}]},
}

@online{oed_oxford_nodate,
	title = {{Oxford English Dictionary}},
	url = {https://www.oed.com/},
	shorttitle = {{{OED}}},
	author = {[{OED}]},
}

@online{htoed_historical_nodate,
	title = {{Historical Thesaurus of the {OED}}},
	url = {https://www.oed.com/thesaurus/start},
	author = {[{HTOED}]},
}

@incollection{trotter_introduction_2000,
	location = {Cambridge},
	title = {Introduction},
	pages = {1--5},
	booktitle = {Multilingualism in Later Medieval {Britain}},
	publisher = {D. S. Brewer},
	author = {Trotter, David},
	date = {2000},
}

@online{hte_historical_nodate,
	title = {{Historical Thesaurus of English}},
	url = {https://ht.ac.uk/},
	author = {[{HTE}]},
}

@online{flex_fieldworks_nodate,
	title = {{Fieldworks Language Explorer}},
	url = {https://software.sil.org/fieldworks/},
	author = {[{FLEx}]},
}

@incollection{kornexl_culinary_2011,
	location = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {Culinary and Other Pairs: {Lexical} Borrowing and Conceptual Differentiation in Early {English} Food Terminology},
	pages = {179--206},
	booktitle = {More than words: {English} lexicography and lexicology past and present. {Essays} Presented to {Hans Sauer} on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. {Part I.}},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	author = {Kornexl, Lucia and Lenker, Ursula},
	editor = {Bauer, Renate and Krischke, Ulrike and Sauer, Hans},
	date = {2011},
	keywords = {English language, Lexicography, Lexicology},
	file = {text/html Attachment:C\:\\Users\\glori\\Zotero\\storage\\RSBGL8GK\\7599.html:text/html},
}