@Article{Boskovic2014,
  author  = {Bošković, Željko},
  title   = {Now {I}'m a Phase, Now {I}'m Not a Phase: {On} the Variability of Phases with Extraction and Ellipsis},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {27--89},
  volume  = {45},
  journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
  year    = {2014},
  ids = {boskovic2014phases}
}

%%%%%% van baal %%%%%%

@phdthesis{vanBaal2020,
	author = {van Baal, Yvonne},
	ids = {vanbaal2020thesis, vanbaal2020comp},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Compositional Definiteness in {{American}} Heritage {{Norwegian}}},
	year = {2020}
}

@phdthesis{Waldmann2008,
	author = {Waldmann, Christian},
	school = {Lund University},
	title = {Input och output: {Ordföljd} i svenska barns hovudsatser och bisatser},
	year = {2008},
}

@phdthesis{Vangsnes1999,
	author = {Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander},
	school = {University of Bergen},
	title = {The Identification of Functional Architecture},
	year = {1999}
}

@phdthesis{OestboeMunch2013,
	author = {Østbø Munch, Christine},
	school = {University of Tromsø},
	title = {{North}-{Germanic} negation. {{A}} microcomparative perspective},
	year = {2013},
}

@phdthesis{Kester1996,
	author = {Kester, Ellen-Petra},
	howpublished = {Doctoral dissertation, OTS Dissertation Series, Utrecht, the Netherlands},
	title = {The Nature of Adjectival Inflection},
	year = {1996},
    school = {Utrecht University}
}

@phdthesis{Hoerberg2016,
	author = {Hörberg, Thomas},
	ids = {Hörberg2016},
	school = {Stockholm University},
	title = {Probabilistic and prominence-driven incremental argument interpretation in {Swedish}},
	year = {2016}
}

@phdthesis{Borthen2003,
	address = {Norway},
	author = {Borthen, Kaja},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {{Norwegian} bare singulars},
	year = {2003}
}

@phdthesis{Anderssen2006,
	author = {Anderssen, Merete},
	school = {University of Tromsø},
	title = {The Acquisition of Compositional Definiteness in {{Norwegian}}},
	year = {2006}
}

@misc{LIAcorpus,
	langid = {Norwegian},
	title = {L{I}{A} norsk: {{K}}orpus av eldre dialektopptak},
	url = {www.hf.uio.no/iln/tjenester/kunnskap/sprak/korpus/talesprakskorpus/lia/index.html},
	year = {2019},
}

@misc{Delsing1993,
	author = {Delsing, Lars-Olof},
	howpublished = {Doctoral dissertation, University of Lund, Sweden},
	title = {The Internal Structure of Noun Phrases in the {{Scandinavian}} Languages},
	year = {1993}
}

@mastersthesis{Taranroed2011,
	author = {Taranrød, Beate},
	ids = {Taranrød2011},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Leddstillingen i relativsetninger i amerikanorsk},
	year = {2011}
}

@mastersthesis{Stroemsvaag2013,
	author = {Strømsvåg, Sunniva},
	ids = {Strømsvåg2013},
	school = {NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {Syntaktisk attrisjon i amerikanorsk},
	year = {2013}
}

@inproceedings{Bousquette2018,
	address = {Somerville, MA},
	author = {Bousquette, Joshua},
	booktitle = {{Selected proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the {Americas} ({WILA}8)}},
	editor = {Heegård Petersen, Jan and Karoline Kühl},
	pages = {18--27},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
	title = {Is das der {Hammer} das du den {Traktor} gebrochen hast mit? {Preposition} stranding in {{Wisconsin}} heritage {{German}}},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Johannessen2015CANS,
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th {{Nordic}} {Conference} of {Computational Linguistics} ({{NODALIDA}} 2015)},
	editor = {Megyesi, Béata},
	ids = {johannessen2015cans},
	pages = {297--300},
	publisher = {NEALT Proceedings series 23},
	title = {The {Corpus} of {{American}} {{Norwegian}} {Speech} ({{CANS}})},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/W15-1840},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{Halle1997,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Halle, Morris},
	booktitle = {{PF}: {Papers} at the Interface},
	editor = {Benjamin Bruening and Yoonjung Kang and Martha McGinnis},
	series = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics},
	pages = {425--449},
	publisher = {MITWPL},
	title = {Distributed morphology: {{I}}mpoverishment and fission},
	number = {30},
	year = {1997},
}

@incollection{Flom1900,
	address = {Norwood},
	author = {Flom, George T.},
	booktitle = {Dialect Notes},
	editor = {The American Dialect Society},
	pages = {257--268},
	publisher = {J.S. Cushing \& Co},
	title = {{English} elements in {Norse} dialects of {Utica}, {Wisconsin}},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1901}
}

@incollection{Flaten1900,
	address = {Norwood},
	author = {Flaten, Nils},
	booktitle = {Dialect Notes},
	editor = {The American Dialect Society},
	pages = {115--126},
	publisher = {J.S. Cushing \& Co},
	title = {Notes on the {American}-{Norwegian} with vocabulary},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1901}
}

@incollection{Taraldsen1990,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Taraldsen, Knut Tarald},
	booktitle = {Grammar in Progress},
	editor = {Mascaró, Joan and Nespor, Maria},
	pages = {419--431},
	publisher = {Foris},
	title = {D-projections and {N}-projections in {{Norwegian}}},
	year = {1990}
}

@incollection{Benmamoun2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Benmamoun, Elabbas},
	booktitle = {The {Cambridge} handbook of heritage languages and linguistics},
	editor = {Montrul, Silvina and Maria Polinsky},
	pages = {375--398},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Heritage language research and theoretical linguistics},
	year = {2021}
}

@book{Oestman1981,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Östman, Jan-Ola},
	ids = {Östman1981},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	sortname = {Ostman, Jan-Ola},
	title = {You Know: {A} Discourse Functional Approach},
	year = {1981}
}

@book{Lyons1999,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Lyons, Christopher},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Definiteness},
	year = {1999}
}

@book{Lohndal2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Lohndal, Terje},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Phrase Structure and Argument Structure: {A} Case Study of the Syntax Semantics Interface},
	year = {2014}
}

@book{Dahl2015,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Dahl, Östen},
	publisher = {Language Science Press},
	sortname = {Dahl, Osten},
	title = {Grammaticalization in the {{North}}: {Noun} phrase morphosyntax in {{Scandinavian}} vernaculars},
	year = {2015}
}

@book{BiberEtAl1999,
	address = {Harlow},
	author = {Biber, Douglas and Stig Johansson and Geoffrey Leech and Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan},
	publisher = {Pearson Education},
	title = {Longman grammar of spoken and written {{English}}},
	year = {1999}
}

@book{Alexiadou2014,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Alexiadou, Artemis},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Multiple Determiners and the Structure of {{DP}s}},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{Santelmann1993,
	author = {Santelmann, Lynn},
	journal = {Studia Linguistica},
	number = {2},
	pages = {154--176},
	title = {The distribution of double determiners in {{Swedish}}: {Den} support in {D}},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1993}
}

@article{Kinn2021,
	author = {Kinn, Kari},
	doi = {10.1017/S0332586521000135},
	ids = {kinn2021split},
	journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguistics},
	number = {2},
	pages = {182--219},
	title = {Split possession and definiteness marking in {{American}} {{Norwegian}}},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2021}
}

@article{Kinn2020,
	author = {Kinn, Kari},
	doi = {10.1007/s10828-020-09115-z},
	journal = {The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {2--38},
	title = {Stability and attrition in {{American}} {{Norwegian}} nominals: {A} view from predicate nouns},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{Hjelde1996,
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {Language Contact across the {North Atlantic}: {Proceedings} of the working groups held at the {University College, Galway (Ireland)}, 1992 and the {University of Göteborg (Sweden)}, 1993},
	pages = {297--312},
	title = {The gender of {{English}} nouns used in {{American}} {{Norwegian}}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	location = {Berlin},
	year = {1996},
	editor = {P. Sture Ureland und Iain Clarkson},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110929652.297}
}

@article{Haugen1992,
	author = {Haugen, Einar},
	journal = {American Speech},
	number = {3},
	pages = {330--336},
	title = {A language survey that failed: {Seip} and {Selmer}},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{Bolonyai2007,
	author = {Bolonyai, Agnes},
	journal = {International Journal of Bilingualism},
	number = {1},
	pages = {3--23},
	title = {({In})vulnerable agreement in incomplete bilingual {L1} learners},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2007}
}

@phdthesis{Riksem2018Thesis,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Riksem, Brita Ramsevik},
	ids = {riksem2017phd},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {Language mixing in {American} {Norwegian} noun phrases: {{A}}n exoskeletal analysis of synchronic and diachronic patterns},
	year = {2018}
}

@phdthesis{Pretorius2017,
	author = {Pretorius, Erin},
	school = {Universiteit Utrecht},
	title = {Spelling out {P}: {A} unified syntax of {A}frikaans adpositions and {V}-particles},
	year = {2017},
}

@phdthesis{Moquininprogress,
	address = {Madison, WI},
	author = {Moquin, Laura},
	school = {University of Madison-Wisconsin},
	title = {Sociolinguistic developments in the {{{Norwegian}}-{American} Midwest}: {{{Norwegian}}’s} post-shift presence},
    year = {2025},
}

@phdthesis{Mahootian1993,
	address = {Evanston},
	author = {Mahootian, Shahrzad},
	school = {Northwestern University},
	title = {A null theory of code-switching},
	year = {1993},
}

@phdthesis{Lykke2020,
	author = {Lykke, Alexander K.},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Variation and change in the tense morphology of heritage {{Norwegian}} in {{North} {America}}},
	year = {2020},
}

@phdthesis{Laleko2010,
	author = {Laleko, Oksana},
	school = {University of Minnesota},
	title = {The syntax-pragmatics interface in language loss: {Covert} restructuring of aspect in heritage {{Russian}}},
	year = {2010},
}

@phdthesis{Ibarra1976,
	address = {Madison},
	author = {Ibarra, Robert A.},
	school = {University of Wisconsin},
	title = {Ethnicity Genuine and Spurious: {A} study of a {{Norwegian}} Community in Rural {{Wisconsin}}},
	year = {1976},
}

@phdthesis{Hvenekilde1992,
	author = {Hvenekilde, Anne},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {`{Hvad} gør vi saa med arven?’: {{En}} studie av abc-er og lesebøker utgitt til norsk morsmålsundervisning i Amerika [``{What} do we do with the heritage?'': {{A
                                                                                                                                                                          }} study of {{ABC}s} and readers published for {{Norwegian}} mother tongue education in {{America}}]},
	year = {1992},
}

@phdthesis{Holmberg1986,
	author = {Holmberg, Anders},
	school = {Stockholm University},
	title = {Word order and syntactic features in the {Scandinavian} languages and {English}},
	year = {1986},
}

@phdthesis{Hempel2012,
	author = {Hempel, Kari G.},
	school = {University of Tromsø},
	title = {“{Is} not a sin in one place a sin in another?” {Menighetsliv} i norskamerikanske immigrantmiljø 1870--1917, kontinuitet og endring [“{Is} not a sin in one place a sin in another?” {Congregational} life in {Norwegian}-{American} immigrant communities 1870--1917, continuity and change]},
	year = {2012},
}

@phdthesis{Hachem2015,
	author = {Hachem, Mirjam},
	school = {Universiteit Utrecht},
	title = {Multifunctionality: {T}he internal and external syntax of {D}- and {W}-items in {G}erman and {D}utch},
	year = {2015},
}

@phdthesis{Grimstad2018,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Grimstad, Maren Berg},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {{English}-origin verbs in {American} {Norwegian}: {{A}} morphosyntactic analysis of mixed verbs},
	year = {2018},
}

@phdthesis{Geisler1995,
	author = {Geisler, C.},
	school = {Uppsala University},
	title = {Relative infinitives in {{E}}nglish},
	year = {1995},
}

@phdthesis{Eide2002,
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {{Norwegian} modals},
	year = {2002},
}

@phdthesis{Borthen2003a,
	author = {Borthen, Kaja},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {Bare singular nouns},
	year = {2003},
}

@phdthesis{Boef2013,
	author = {Boef, Eefje},
	school = {Utrecht University},
	title = {Doubling in relative clauses. {A}spects of morphosyntactic microvariation in {D}utch},
	year = {2013},
}

@phdthesis{Bhatt1999,
	author = {Bhatt, Rajesh},
	ids = {bhatt1999},
	school = {University of Pennsylvania},
	title = {Covert modality in non-finite contexts},
	year = {1999}
}

@phdthesis{Bentzen2007,
	author = {Bentzen, Kristine},
	note = {(Doctoral dissertation)},
	school = {University of Tromsø},
	title = {Order and structure in embedded clauses in {Northern} {Norwegian}},
	year = {2007},
}

@phdthesis{Bartaskova2017,
	address = {Prague},
	author = {Bartásková, Pavla},
	ids = {Bartásková2017},
	school = {Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Ústav germánských studií},
	title = {Changes of the written {Norwegian} and their reflection in the press published in the {United States} in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century},
	year = {2017}
}

@phdthesis{Abney1987,
	author = {Abney, Steven Paul},
	ids = {abney1987englishNP},
	school = {MIT},
	title = {The {{English}} noun phrase in its sentential aspect},
	year = {1987}
}

@misc{vanBaalLarsson2022,
	author = {van Baal, Yvonne and Ida Larsson},
	howpublished = {Conference presentation, 13th {Workshop} on {Immigrant} {Languages} in the {Americas} ({WILA}), University of {Wisconsin}-{Madison}, 10-12 November 2022},
	title = {Comparing heritage speakers of closely related languages: {{{American}}} {{Swedish}} and {{{American}}} {{Norwegian}} noun phrases},
	year = {2022}
}

@misc{UnitedStates,
	author = {United States department of agriculture (USDA)},
	title = {{Minnesota} Ag News – Farms and Land in Farms},
	url = {https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Minnesota/Publications/Other_Press_Releases/2022/MN-Farms-02-22.pdf},
	urldate = {2020-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{USD,
	author = {United States Department of agriculture (USDA)},
	title = {Census of Agriculture; Race/Ethnicity/Gender Profile. {{M}}innesota},
	url = {https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Race,_Ethnicity_and_Gender_Profiles/Minnesota/cpd27000.pdf},
	urldate = {2023-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{USCensus,
	title = {{US} Census 2020},
	url = {https://data.census.gov/},
	urldate = {2023-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{UCB,
	author = {US Census Bureau},
	title = {Table {BO} 4006},
	url = {https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B04006?q=heritage&y=2020},
	urldate = {2020-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{Statistisk,
	author = {Statistisk sentralbyrå},
	note = {https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/faktaside/befolkningen. Accessed },
	title = {Fakta om Befolkningen - hvor mange bor det i Norge? [Facts about the population - how many people live in {Norway}?]},
	urldate = {2023-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{Statcan,
	author = {Statcan},
	title = {Data tables, 2016 Census},
	url = {https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm},
	urldate = {2023-12-06},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@misc{Moerland2021,
	author = {Mørland, Sara},
	howpublished = {Unpublished {BA} thesis, {University} of {Bergen}},
	ids = {MorlandBA, Mørland2021},
	title = {Predikativkonstruksjoner i amerikanorsk [{Predicative} constructions in {{American}} {{Norwegian}}]},
	year = {2021}
}

@misc{LIA,
	title = {{LIA} norsk – korpus av eldre dialektopptak},
	url = {https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/tjenester/kunnskap/sprak/korpus/talesprakskorpus/lia/},
}

@misc{CANS,
	title = {{CANS} – The Corpus of {America}-{Nordic} Speech},
	url = {http://tekstlab.uio.no/norskiamerika/english/corpus.html},
}

 
@ARTICLE {hagenvangsnes2023,
    author  = {Hagen, Kristin and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander},
    title   = {{LIA-korpusa: Eldre talemålsopptak for norsk og samisk gjort tilgjengelege [The LIA corpora: Older speech recordings for Norwegian and Saami made accessible]}},
    journal = {Nordlyd},
    year    = {2023},
    volume  = {47},
    number  = {2},
    pages   = {119--130},
    doi     = {10.7557/12.7157}
}

@mastersthesis{Tjugum2016,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Tjugum, Ane Marthe},
	school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
	title = {Grammatisk genus i amerikanorsk},
	year = {2016},
}

@mastersthesis{Roedvand2017,
	author = {Rødvand, Linn Iren Sjånes},
	ids = {Rødvand2017,RodvandMA},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Empirical investigations of grammatical gender in {American} Heritage {Norwegian}},
	year = {2017}
}

@mastersthesis{Olsen2019,
	author = {Olsen, Ida Keihl},
	note = {(MA thesis)},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Subjektplassering i moderne norsk},
	year = {2019},
}

@mastersthesis{OestremRinnan1979,
	author = {Østrem, Rolf Kåre and Peter Rinnan},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Utvandringen fra {Kristiania} 1880-1907: {{{E}}}n studie i urban utvandring [{The} emigration from {Kristiania} 1880-1907: {{A}} study in urban emigration]},
	year = {1979},
}

@mastersthesis{Melvaer2023,
	author = {Melvær, June Osland},
	ids = {Melvær2023},
	school = {University of Bergen},
	title = {V2 i norsk arvespråk i {Latin-Amerika}},
	year = {2023}
}

@mastersthesis{Mathiesen2015,
	author = {Mathiesen, Henrik Olav},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Norwegians in {{America}} and perceptions of belonging. {{C}}. 1840–1870},
	year = {2015},
}

@mastersthesis{Khayitova2016,
	author = {Khayitova, Sofiya},
	note = {(MA thesis)},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {V2 i amerikanorsk – ufullstendig innlæring eller språkforvitring?},
	year = {2016},
}

@mastersthesis{KeihlOlsen2019,
	author = {Keihl Olsen, Ida},
	note = {(MA-thesis)},
	school = {University of Oslo},
	title = {Subjektplassering i norsk. {{{E}}}n korpusbasert analyse av leddstillingsvariasjon i bokmål det siste hundreåret},
	year = {2019},
}

@mastersthesis{Huus2018,
	author = {Huus, Andrea Myklebust},
	school = {Institutt for lingvistiske og nordiske studier, Universitetet i Oslo},
	title = {Distribusjonen av te som infinitivsmerke i norsk: {{{E}}}n korpusbasert undersøkelse av utbredelsen av te som infinitivsmerke i norsk},
	year = {2018},
}

@mastersthesis{Aagaard2016,
	author = {Aagaard, Teodor Ekblad},
	school = {Institutt for lingvistiske og nordiske studier, Universitetet i Oslo},
	title = {Doble partisipper i norsk: {{V}}erbal trekkongruens og restrukturering},
	year = {2016},
}

@ARTICLE {putnametal2018integrated,
    author  = {Putnam, Michael T. and Carlson, Matthew and Reitter, David},
    title   = {Integrated, not isolated: {Defining} typological proximity in an integrated multilingual architecture},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    year    = {2018},
    volume  = {8},
    pages   = {{Article 2212}}
}

@inproceedings{Bousquette2021a,
	author = {Bousquette, Joshua and Melum Eide , Kristin and Hjelde, Arnstein and Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {{Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the {Americas} ({WILA} 10)}},
	editor = {Hjelde, Arnstein and Søfteland, Åshild},
	pages = {11--21},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
	title = {Competition at the left edge: {Left}-dislocation vs. topicalization in heritage {{Germanic}}},
	year = {2021},
}

@inproceedings{AlexiadouEtAl2015,
	author = {Alexiadou, Artemis and Lohndal, Terje and Åfarli, Tor Anders and Grimstad, Maren Berg},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {NELS} 45},
	editor = {Bui, Thuy and Özyildiz, Deniz},
	pages = {25--38},
	publisher = {CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform},
	title = {Language Mixing: {{A}} Distributed Morphology approach},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{Zagona2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Zagona, Karen},
	booktitle = {The {Cambridge} Handbook on Generative Syntax},
	editor = {den Dikken, Marcel},
	pages = {746--702},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Tense, Aspect, and Modality},
	year = {2013},
}

@incollection{Wurmbrand2023,
	address = {Tübingen},
	author = {Wurmbrand, Susanne and Lohninger, Magdalena},
	booktitle = {Propositionale {A}rgumente im {S}prachvergleich: {{T}}heorie und {{E}}mpirie},
	editor = {Hartmann, Jutta M. and Wöllstein, Angelika},
	ids = {wurmlohn2020},
	pages = {1--50},
	publisher = {Gunter Narr Verlag},
	title = {An implicational universal in complementation: {Theoretical} insights and empirical progress},
	year = {2023}
}

@incollection{Wurmbrand2020,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Wurmbrand, Susanne and Christopoulos, Christos},
	booktitle = {The {C}ambridge handbook of {G}ermanic linguistics},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael T. and Page, B. Richard},
	ids = {christo2020},
	pages = {389--412},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {{Germanic} infinitives},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{Wurmbrand2014Merge,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Wurmbrand, Susanne},
	booktitle = {Minimalism and beyond: {{R}}adicalizing the interfaces},
	editor = {Kosta, Peter and Franks, Steven L. and Radeva-Bork, Teodora and Schürcks, Lilia},
	ids = {wurmbrand14},
	pages = {130--166},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {The Merge condition: {{A}} syntactic approach to selection},
	year = {2014}
}

@incollection{Wiltschko2009,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Wiltschko, Martina},
	booktitle = {Determiners: {{{U}}}niversals and variation},
	editor = {Ghomeshi, Jila and Paul, Ileana and Wiltschko, Martina},
	pages = {25--66},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {What's in a determiner and how did it get there?},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{WestergaardLohndalAlexiadou2019,
	address = {Aarhus},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit and Lohndal, Terje and Alexiadou, Artemis},
	booktitle = {The Sign of the {V}: {{P}}apers in Honour of {Sten Vikner}},
	editor = {Christensen, Ken Ramshøj and Jørgensen, Henrik and Wood, Johanna L.},
	pages = {709--733},
	publisher = {Department of English, School of Communication \& Culture, Aarhus University},
	title = {The asymmetric nature of {V2}: {{{E}}}vidence from learner languages},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{WestergaardLohndal2019,
	address = {Georgetown},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit and Lohndal, Terje},
	booktitle = {Variable properties in language: {Their} nature and acquisition},
	editor = {Lightfoot, David W. and Havenhill, Jonathan},
	ids = {westergaardlohndal2019verbsecond},
	pages = {91--102},
	publisher = {Georgetown University Press},
	title = {Verb second word order in {N}orwegian heritage language: {S}yntax and pragmatics},
	year = {2019}
}

@incollection{WestergaardBentzen2007,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit and Bentzen, Kristine},
	booktitle = {Frequency effects in language acquisition: {{D}}efining the limits of frequency as an explanatory concept},
	editor = {Gülzow, Insa and Gagarina, Natalia},
	pages = {271--306},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {The (non-)effect of input frequency on the acquisition of word order in {Norwegian} embedded clauses},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{WestergaardAnderssen2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit and Anderssen, Merete},
	booktitle = {{G}ermanic Heritage Languages in the {A}mericas: {A}cquisition, Attrition and Change},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph},
	ids = {westergaardanderssen2015word},
	pages = {21--45},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Word order variation in {{Norwegian}} possessive constructions: {Bilingual} acquisition and attrition},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{Westergaard2016,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit},
	booktitle = {Finiteness matters: {On} finiteness-related phenomena in natural languages},
	doi = {10.1075/la.231.09wes},
	editor = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	pages = {255--286},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Word order and finiteness in acquisition: {A} study of {{English}} and {{Norwegian}} wh-questions},
	year = {2016},
}

@incollection{Vogt1948,
	address = {Paris},
	author = {Vogt, Hans},
	booktitle = {Actes du Sixième Congrès International des Linguistes},
	editor = {Lejeune, M.},
	pages = {31--45},
	publisher = {Klincksieck},
	title = {Dans quelles conditions et dans quelles limites peut s’exercer sur le système morphologique d’une langue l’action du système morphologique d’une autre langue?},
	year = {1948},
}

@incollection{TsimpliSorace2006,
	author = {Tsimpli, Ianthi M. and Sorace, Antonella},
	booktitle = {{{BUCLD} Proceedings}},
	pages = {653--664},
	title = {Differentiating Interfaces: {L2} performance in syntax-semantics and syntax-discourse phenomena},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2006},
}

@incollection{Trudgill2009,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Trudgill, Peter},
	booktitle = {Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable},
	editor = {Sampson, Geoffrey and Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter},
	pages = {98–109},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Sociolinguistic typology and complexification},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{Thieroff2004,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Thieroff, Rolf},
	booktitle = {Focus on {Germanic} Typology},
	editor = {Abraham, Werner},
	pages = {315--358},
	publisher = {Akademia Verlag},
	title = {The subjunctive mood in {German} and in the {German}ic languages},
	year = {2004},
}

@incollection{Terzi2010,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Terzi, Arhonto},
	booktitle = {Mapping spatial {{PP}}s: {The} cartography of syntactic structures},
	editor = {Cinque, Guglielmo and Rizzi, Luigi},
	pages = {196--224},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Locative prepositions and \textit{place}},
	year = {2010},
}

@article{TengesdalForthcoming,
	author = {Tengesdal, Eirik and Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Björn},
	journal = {Maal og Minne},
	year = {2024},
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    pages = {295--344},
	sortname = {Tengesdal, Eirik and Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Bjorn},
	title = {Prosodic Variation in Particle Constructions in Three {Norwegian} Dialect Areas},
}

@incollection{Svenonius2020,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Svenonius, Peter},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {{NELS}} 50},
	editor = {Asatryan, Mariam and Song, Yixiao and Whitmal, Ayana},
	ids = {svenonius2020span},
	pages = {193--206},
	publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press},
	title = {A span is a thing: {A} span-based theory of words},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{Svenonius2002,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Svenonius, Peter},
	booktitle = {Subjects, Expletives and the {EPP}},
	editor = {Svenonius, Peter},
	pages = {201--242},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Subject positions and the placement of adverbials},
	year = {2002},
}

@incollection{Starke2018,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Starke, Michal},
	booktitle = {Exploring {N}anosyntax},
	editor = {Baunaz, Lena and De Clerq, Karen and Haegeman, Liliane and Lander, Eric},
	pages = {239--249},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Complex left branches, spellout, and prefixes},
	year = {2018},
}

@incollection{Spiekermann2010,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Spiekermann, Helmut},
	booktitle = {Kodierungstechniken im {W}andel},
	editor = {Bittner, Dagmar and Gaeta, Livio},
	pages = {179--198},
	publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Pronimaladverbien im {N}iederdeutschen und in der norddeutschen {R}egionalsprache},
	year = {2010},
}

@incollection{Soefteland2021a,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Søfteland, Åshild and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {Språk i arkiva: {{N}}y forskning om eldre talemål frå {LIA}-prosjektet},
	editor = {Hagen, Kristin and Kristoffersen, Gjert and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	ids = {SøftelandHjelde2021},
	pages = {395--320},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Softeland, Ashild and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	title = {“{Ein} må tenke seg om, ser du veit du, kva ord ein skal bruke.” {Pragmatiske} partiklar i amerikanorsk},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{Soefteland2021,
	author = {Søfteland, Åshild and Putnam, Michael T. and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {{WILA}} 10},
	editor = {Hjelde, Arnstein and Søfteland, Åshild},
	ids = {Softelandetal2021},
	pages = {60--68},
	publisher = {Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press},
	sortname = {Softeland, Ashild and Putnam, Michael T. and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	title = {Variation in infinitive markers in {A}merican {N}orwegian},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{SerratriceSorace2003,
	address = {Somerville, MA},
	author = {Serratrice, Ludovica and Sorace, Antonella},
	booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 27th Annual {Boston} University Conference on Language Development}},
	editor = {Beachley Beachley, B. and Brown, A. and Conlin, F.},
	pages = {739--750},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	title = {Overt and null subjects in monolingual and bilingual {Italian} acquisition},
	year = {2003},
}

@incollection{Sandoey2008,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Sandøy, Helge},
	booktitle = {Banebryter og brobygger i andrespråksfeltet. {{{E}}}n Samling artikler i anledning {Jon Erik Hagens} 60-årsdag},
	editor = {Hamnes Carlsen, Cecilie and Moe, Eli and Oanæs Andersen, Reidun and Tenfjord, Kari},
	pages = {179--190},
	publisher = {Novus Forlag},
	sortname = {Sandoy, Helge},
	title = {Nokre syntaktiske “avvik” i norsk [{S}ome syntactic “deviations” in {Norwegian}]},
	year = {2008},
}

@incollection{Sakel2007,
	address = {Berlin / New York},
	author = {Sakel, Jeanette},
	booktitle = {Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective},
	editor = {Matras, Yaron and Sakel, Jeanette},
	pages = {15--29},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Types of Loan: {{M}}atter and Pattern},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{Sabel2020,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Sabel, Joachim},
	booktitle = {Variation in {P} | Comparative approaches to adpositional phrases},
	editor = {Garzonio, Jacopo and Rossi, Silvia},
	pages = {135--163},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {P and the emergence of the {I}nfinitival {L}eft {P}eriphery},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{RodriguezBrandl2019,
	author = {Rodríguez, Estrella and Brandl, Anel},
	booktitle = {{Florida Linguistics Papers, Proceedings of the Florida Yearly Linguistics Meeting}},
	number = {1},
	pages = {64--75},
	sortname = {Rodriguez, Estrella and Brandl, Anel},
	title = {Knowledge of tense, aspect, and mood in heritage language speakers: {The} case of hybrid {{Spanish}} for business courses},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{RiksemEtAl2021,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Riksem, Brita Ramsevik and Lohndal, Terje and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	booktitle = {Språk i arkiva: {{N}}y forsking om eldre talemål frå {LIA}-prosjektet},
	editor = {Hagen, Kristin and Kristoffersen, Gjert and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	langid = {norwegian},
	pages = {273--294},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Riksem, Brita Ramsevik and Lohndal, Terje and Afarli, Tor Anders},
	title = {Adjektivkongruens i amerikanorsk},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{Ramchand2002,
	address = {Somerville, MA},
	author = {Ramchand, Gillian and Svenonius, Peter},
	booktitle = {{{WCCFL} 21 Proceedings}},
	editor = {Mikkelsen, Line and Potts, Christopher},
	ids = {RamchandSvenonius2002},
	pages = {101--114},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Press},
	title = {The lexical syntax and lexical semantics of the verb-particle construction},
	year = {2002}
}

@incollection{PutnamSchwarzHoffman2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Putnam, Michael T. and Schwarz, Lara S. and Hoffman, Andrew D.},
	booktitle = {The {{Cambridge}} Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics},
	editor = {Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria},
	ids = {putnametal2021,PutnamEtAl2021},
	pages = {613--643},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Morphology of Heritage Languages},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{PutnamEtAl2019,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Michael T. Putnam and Silvia Perez-Cortes and Liliana Sánchez},
	booktitle = {The {O}xford handbook of language attrition},
	editor = {Schmid, Monika S. and Köpke, Barbara},
	pages = {18--24},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	sortname = {Michael T. Putnam and Silvia Perez-Cortes and Liliana Sanchez},
	title = {Language attrition and the {F}eature {R}eassembly {H}ypothesis},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{Putnam2025,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {Heritage languages and syntactic theory},
	editor = {D'Alessandro, Roberta and Putnam, Michael T. and Terenghi, Silvia},
	ids = {putPDtoappear},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    pages={141--166},
	title = {The shape and size of defective domains: {{N}}on-finite clauses in {Pennsylvania} {Dutch}},
	year = {2025}
}

@incollection{Putnam2020One,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {New Trends in Language Acquisition within the Generative Perspective},
	editor = {Fuentes, Pedro Guijarro and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina},
	ids = {putnam2020OFOH},
	pages = {1--23},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {{One} {F}eature -- {O}ne {H}ead: {Features} as functional heads in language acquisition and attrition},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{Postal1966,
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	author = {Postal, Paul M.},
	booktitle = {Report on the 17th Annual Roundtable Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies},
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	pages = {177--206},
	publisher = {Georgetown University Press},
	title = {On so-called ``pronouns'' in {{E}}nglish},
	series = {Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics},
	number = {19},
	year = {1966},
}

@incollection{Polinsky2008,
	address = {New York},
	author = {Polinsky, Maria},
	booktitle = {Heritage language education: {A} new field emerging},
	editor = {Brinton, Donna and Kagan, Olga and Bauckus, Susan},
	pages = {149--164},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {Heritage language narratives},
	year = {2008},
}

@incollection{Norde2012,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Norde, Muriel},
	booktitle = {Language for its own sake. {{E}}ssays on Language and Literature offered to {H}arry {P}erridon},
	editor = {van der Liet, Henk and Norde, Muriel},
	ids = {norde2012possessordoubling},
	pages = {327--358},
	publisher = {Scandinavisch Instituut},
	title = {On the origin(s) of the possessor doubling construction in {N}orwegian},
	year = {2012}
}

@incollection{Noonan2017,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Noonan, Máire},
	booktitle = {The structure of words at the interfaces},
	editor = {Newell, Heather and Noonan, Máire and Piggott, Glyne and Travis, Lisa Demena},
	pages = {209--239},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	sortname = {Noonan, Maire},
	title = {{Dutch} and {G}erman \textsc{r}-pronouns and {P}-stranding: \textsc{r} you sure it's \textit{P}-stranding?},
	year = {2017},
}

@incollection{Natvigtoappear,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Natvig, David and Pretorius, Erin and Putnam, Michael T and Carlson, Matthew},
	booktitle = {Contact varieties of {G}erman: {S}tudies in honor of {W}illiam {D.} {K}eel},
	editor = {Page, B. Richard and Putnam, Michael T.},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {A spanning approach to bilingual representations: {I}nitial explorations},
	pubstate = {forthcoming},
}

@incollection{Natvig2022,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Natvig, David},
	booktitle = {The Verticalization Model of Language Shift: {The} Great Change in {American} Communities},
	editor = {Brown, Joshua R.},
	pages = {85--113},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The great change and the shift from {{Norwegian}} to {{English}} in {Ulen, {Minnesota}}},
	year = {2022},
}

@incollection{Montrul2009,
	address = {Malden},
	author = {Montrul, Silvina},
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Second and Foreign Language Teaching},
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	pages = {182--200},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	title = {Heritage language programs},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{MatrasSakel2007,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Matras, Yaron and Sakel, Jeanette},
	booktitle = {Grammatical borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective},
	editor = {Matras, Yaron and Sakel, Jeanette},
	pages = {1--14},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Introduction},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{Matras2011,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Matras, Yaron},
	booktitle = {Linguistic universals and language variation},
	editor = {Siemund, Peter},
	pages = {200--229},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Universals of structural borrowing},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{Matras2007,
	address = {Berlin / New York},
	author = {Matras, Yaron},
	booktitle = {Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective},
	editor = {Matras, Yaron and Sakel, Jeanette},
	pages = {31--74},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {The borrowability of structural categories},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{Lykke2022a,
	address = {Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies},
	author = {Lykke, Alexander K.},
	booktitle = {Selected proceedings of the 12th workshop on immigrant languages in the {{Americas}} ({WILA} 12)},
	editor = {Sippola, Eeva and Peterson, Elizabeth},
	pages = {77--90},
	title = {Piecing together the history of change: {{A}} diachronic study of moribund heritage {Norwegian} tense morphology},
	year = {2022},
}

@incollection{LohndalWestergaardVangsnes2020,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Lohndal, Terje and Westergaard, Marit and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander},
	booktitle = {Rethinking Verb Second},
	editor = {Woods, Rebecca and Wolfe, Sam},
	pages = {770--789},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	sortname = {Lohndal, Terje and Westergaard, Marit and Vangsnes, Oystein A.},
	title = {Verb second in {Norwegian}: {{V}}ariation and acquisition},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Lohndal2024,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Lohndal, Terje and Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {Formal approaches to complexity in heritage languages},
	editor = {Polinsky, Maria and Putnam, Michael T.},
	ids = {lohnput23},
	pages = {101--132},
	publisher = {Language Science Press},
	title = {Expanding structures while reducing mappings: {{M}}orphosyntactic complexity in aggultinating heritage languages},
	year = {2024}
}

@incollection{Lohndal2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Lohndal, Terje},
	booktitle = {The {{Cambridge}} Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics},
	editor = {Montrul, Silvana and Polinsky, Maria},
	ids = {lohndal2021},
	pages = {644--667},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Syntax of Heritage Languages},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{Loedrup2018,
	address = {Stanford, CA},
	author = {Lødrup, Helge},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LFG}18 {Conference}},
	ids = {lodrup2018prominent},
	pages = {248--267},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	sortname = {Lodrup, Helge},
	title = {Prominent internal possessors and backward possessor raising: {N}orwegian \emph{ryggen på ham} `the back of him'},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Loedrup2012,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Lødrup, Helge},
	booktitle = {Grammatikk, bruk og norm},
	editor = {Enger, Hans-Olav and Faarlund, Jan Terje and Vannebo, Kjell Ivar},
	ids = {lødrup2012forholdet},
	pages = {189--203},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Lodrup, Helge},
	title = {Forholdet mellom prenominale og postnominale possessive uttrykk},
	year = {2012}
}

@incollection{Loedrup2011,
	address = {Stanford},
	author = {Lødrup, Helge},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{LFG}11} {C}onference},
	editor = {Butt, Miriam and King, Tracy Holloway},
	ids = {lødrup2011norwegian},
	pages = {339--359},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	sortname = {Lodrup, Helge},
	title = {{Norwegian} possessive pronouns: {P}hrases, words or suffixes?},
	year = {2011}
}

@incollection{Loedrup2002,
	author = {Lødrup, Helge},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{LFG}02} {C}onference},
	editor = {Butt, Miriam and King, Tracy Holloway},
	ids = {lodrup2002},
	pages = {275--291},
	publisher = {Stanford: CSLI},
	sortname = {Lodrup, Helge},
	title = {Infinitival complements in {N}orwegian and the form-function relation},
	year = {2002}
}

@incollection{Lleo2018,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Lleó, Conxita},
	booktitle = {The development of prosody in first language acquisition},
	editor = {Esteve-Gibert, Núria and Pireto, Priar},
	ids = {Lleó2018},
	pages = {317--342},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	sortname = {Lleo, Conxita},
	title = {Bilingual children’s prosodic development},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Lavid2010,
	address = {Trieste},
	author = {Lavid, Julia},
	booktitle = {Thresholds and potentialities of systemic functional linguistics: {{M}}ultilingual, multimodal and other specialised discourses},
	editor = {Swain, Elisabeth},
	pages = {49--68},
	publisher = {EUT Edizioni Universitá di Trieste},
	title = {Contrasting choices in clause-initial position in {English} and {Spanish}: {{A}} corpus-based analysis},
	year = {2010},
}

@incollection{LarssonToappear,
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Kinn, Kari},
	booktitle = {Journal of {Germanic} Linguistics},
	pubstate = {forthcoming},
	title = {Variation over time in a heritage language: {{A}}rgument placement in {American} {Norwegian}},
}

@incollection{LarssonTingsellAndréasson2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Tingsell, Sofia and Andréasson, Maia},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {{North} {America}}: {{A}}cquisition, attrition and change},
	doi = {10.1075/silv.18.16lar},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph C.},
	pages = {359--388},
	publisher = {Benjamins},
	sortname = {Larsson, Ida and Tingsell, Sofia and Andreasson, Maia},
	title = {Variation and Change in {{American} {Swedish}}},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{LarssonLundquist2014,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Björn},
	booktitle = {Språk i {Norge} og nabolanda},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Hagen, Kristin},
	pages = {99--131},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Bjorn},
	title = {Objektplacering vid partikelverb i norska dialekter och äldre svenska},
	year = {2014},
}

@incollection{LarssonKinn2021,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Kinn, Kari},
	booktitle = {Språk i arkiva. {{N}}y forskning om eldre talemål frå {LIA}-prosjektet},
	editor = {Hagen, Kristin and Kristoffersen, Gjert and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	pages = {241--272},
	publisher = {Novus},
	title = {Argumentplacering i norskt arvspråk i {Amerika}},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{LarssonJohannessen2015Incomplete,
	address = {Leiden},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Johannessen, Janne Bondi},
	booktitle = {Moribund {{Germanic}} Heritage Languages in {{North} {America}}: {Theoretical} Perspectives and Empirical Findings},
	editor = {Page, Richard S. and Putnam, Michael T.},
	ids = {larssonjohannessen2015incomplete},
	pages = {153--189},
	publisher = {Brill},
	title = {Incomplete acquisition and verb placement in heritage {{Scandinavian}}},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{LarssonJohannessen2015Embedded,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Johannessen, Janne Bondi},
	booktitle = {New Trends in {Nordic} and General Linguistics},
	editor = {Hilpert, Martin and Östman, Jan-Ola and Mertzlufft, Christine and Riessler, Michael},
	pages = {239--267},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Embedded word order in Heritage {Scandinavian}},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{Larsson2021a,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Björn},
	booktitle = {Morphosyntactic change in Late Modern {Swedish}},
	editor = {Larsson, Ida and Petzell, Erik},
	ids = {LarssonLundquist2021},
	pages = {145--194},
	publisher = {Language Science Press},
	sortname = {Larsson, Ida and Lundquist, Bjorn},
	title = {The development of {Swedish} particle placement},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{Lardiere2000,
	address = {Malden, MA},
	author = {Lardiere, Donna},
	booktitle = {Second language acquisition and linguistic theory},
	editor = {Archibald, John},
	pages = {102--129},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	title = {Mapping features to forms in second language acquisition},
	year = {2000}
}

@incollection{Laleko2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Laleko, Oksana},
	booktitle = {The {Cambridge} handbook of heritage languages and linguistics},
	editor = {Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria},
	pages = {691--727},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Discourse and information structure in heritage languages},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{KuehlPetersen2017,
	address = {Aarhus},
	author = {Kühl, Karoline and Heegård Petersen, Jan},
	booktitle = {16. {{M}}øde om Udforskningen af Dansk Sprog},
	editor = {Schoonderbeek Hansen, Inger and Hougaard, Tina Thode and Petersen, Kathrine Thisted},
	pages = {231--245},
	publisher = {Aarhus Universitetsforlag},
	sortname = {Kuhl, Karoline and Heegard Petersen, Jan},
	title = {Var de gift eller blev de gift? {Om} biografiske overgangsprædikater i amerikadansk},
	year = {2017},
}

@incollection{Kuehl2018,
	address = {Somerville, MA},
	author = {Kühl, Karoline},
	booktitle = {{Selected Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the {Americas} ({WILA} 8)}},
	editor = {Heegård Petersen, Jan and Kühl, Karoline},
	ids = {Kühl2018},
	pages = {63--70},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
	sortname = {Kuhl, Karoline},
	title = {Constructional change based on cross-linguistic analogy building in {{North} {American} {Danish}}},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Koopman2010,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Koopman, Hilde},
	booktitle = {Mapping spatial {{PP}}s: {{T}}he cartography of syntactic structures},
	editor = {Cinque, Guglielmo and Rizzi, Luigi},
	pages = {26--73},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles},
	year = {2010},
}

@incollection{Kemenade2020,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {van Kemenade, Ans},
	booktitle = {Syntactic architecture and its consequences},
	volume = {{I}: {S}yntax inside the grammar},
	editor = {Bárány, András and Biberauer, Theresa and Douglas, James and Vikner, Sten},
	pages = {221--231},
	publisher = {Language Science Press},
	title = {All those years ago: {Preposition} stranding in {Old English}},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3972845},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Julien2020a,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Julien, Marit},
	booktitle = {Rethinking verb second},
	editor = {Woods, Rebecka and Wolfe, Sam},
	pages = {265--280},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The assertion analysis of declarative verb second},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Juergens2013,
	address = {Frankfurt am Main},
	author = {Jürgens, Carolin},
	booktitle = {{Studien} zum {H}ochdeutschen und {N}iederdeutschen},
	editor = {Hettler, Yvonne and Jürgens, Carolin and Langhanke, Robert and Purschke, Christoph},
	pages = {129--143},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	sortname = {Jurgens, Carolin},
	title = {Kontakt – {S}paltung – {D}opplung: {Z}ur {V}ariation der {P}ronominaladverbien in der norddeutschen {S}prache},
	year = {2013},
}

@incollection{Johansen1970,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Johansen, Kjell},
	booktitle = {Texas studies in bilingualism: {{Spanish}}, {{French}}, {{German}}, {{Czech}}, {{Polish}}, {Sorbian}, and {{Norwegian}} in the southwest},
	editor = {Gilbert, Glenn G.},
	pages = {170--178},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	title = {Some observations on {{Norwegian}} in {Bosque County, Texas}},
	year = {1970},
}

@incollection{JohannessenSalmons2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph},
	booktitle = {The {C}ambridge handbook of heritage languages and linguistics},
	editor = {Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria},
	ids = {jannejoe21},
	pages = {252--276},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {{Germanic} heritage varieties in the {A}mericas: {Social} and linguistic perspectives},
	year = {2021}
}

@incollection{JohannessenPutnam2020,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {The {C}ambridge handbook of {G}ermanic linguistics},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael T. and Page, B. Richard},
	ids = {jannemike20},
	pages = {783--806},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Heritage {G}ermanic languages in {N}orth {A}merica},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{JohannessenLaake2015Myths,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Laake, Signe},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {A}cquisition, attrition and change.},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmon, Joseph},
	ids = {johannessenlaake2015myths},
	pages = {299--322},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {On two myths of the {N}orwegian language in {A}merica: {I}s it old-fashioned? {I}s it approaching the written {B}okmål standard?},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{JohannessenEtAl2009,
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Priestley, Joel and Hagen, Kristin and Åfarli, Tor Anders and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander},
	booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 17th {Nordic} Conference of Computational Linguistics {NODALIDA} 2009}},
	editor = {Jokinen, Kristiina and Bick, Eckhard},
	ids = {NDC},
	pages = {73--80},
	publisher = {NEALT Proceedings Series Volume 4},
	sortname = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Priestley, Joel and Hagen, Kristin and Afarli, Tor Anders and Vangsnes, Oystein Alexander},
	title = {The {Nordic} Dialect Corpus: {{A}}n advanced research tool},
	year = {2009},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/W09-4612}
}

@incollection{Johannessen2014,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Julien, Marit and Lødrup, Helge},
	booktitle = {Språk i {N}orge og nabolanda: {N}y forskning om talespråk},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Hagen, Kristin},
	ids = {johannessenjulienlødrup2014menneskesentrert},
	pages = {65--98},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Julien, Marit and Lodrup, Helge},
	title = {Preposisjoner og eierskapsrelasjoner: {Et} menneskesentrert hierarki [{P}reposistions and ownership relations: {A} human-centered hierarchy]},
	year = {2014}
}

@incollection{Johannessen2009,
	address = {Odense, Denmark},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Priestley, Joel James and Kristin Hagen and Åfarli, Tor Anders and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {N}ordic {C}onference of {C}omputational {L}inguistics {{NODALIDA} 2009}},
	editor = {Kristiina Jokinen and Eckhard Bick},
	publisher = {Northern European Association for Language Technology (NEALT)},
	sortname = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Priestley, Joel James and Kristin Hagen and Afarli, Tor Anders and Vangsnes, Oystein Alexander},
	title = {The {N}ordic {D}ialect {C}orpus: {{A}}n advanced research tool},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/W09-4612},
	year = {2009}
}

@incollection{Holmberg2015b,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Holmberg, Anders},
	booktitle = {Syntax: {{T}}heory and analysis},
	editor = {Kiss, Tibor and Alexiadou, Artemis},
	pages = {342--383},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Verb second},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{Holmberg2015,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Holmberg, Anders},
	booktitle = {Syntax: {Theory} and analysis},
	editor = {Kiss, Tibor and Alexiadou, Artemis},
	ids = {holmberg2015V2},
	pages = {342--382},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	title = {Verb second},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{Hjelde2016,
	address = {Münster},
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein and Kolberg Jansson, Benthe},
	booktitle = {Language and nation: {Crossroads} and connections},
	editor = {Barstad, Guri Ellen and Hjelde, Arnstein and Kvam, Sigmund and Parianou, Anastasia and Todd, John},
	ids = {HjeldeJansson2016},
	pages = {297--314},
	publisher = {Waxmann},
	title = {Language reforms in {Norway} and their acceptance and use in the {Norwegian}-{American} community},
	year = {2016}
}

@incollection{Hjelde2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {Acquisition}, attrition and change},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph C.},
	pages = {283--298},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Changes in a {N}orwegian dialect in {A}merica},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{Hjelde1996a,
	address = {Tübingen},
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {Language contact across the {Atlantic}},
	editor = {Ureland, P. Sture and Clarkson, Iain},
	pages = {297--312},
	publisher = {Max Niemeyer Verlag},
	title = {The gender of {English} nouns in {American} {Norwegian}},
	year = {1996},
}

@incollection{Heycock2006,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Heycock, Caroline},
	booktitle = {The {Blackwell} Companion to Syntax},
	editor = {Everaert, Martin and van Riemsdijk, Henk},
	pages = {174--209},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	title = {Embedded root phenomena},
	year = {2006},
}

@incollection{Heim2013,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Heim, Irene},
	booktitle = {Semantics. {A}n international handbook of natural language meaning {{II}}},
	editor = {Maienborn, Claudia and van Heusinger, Klaus and Portner, Paul},
	pages = {1515--1538},
	publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Definiteness and indefiniteness},
	year = {2013},
}

@incollection{Hasselmo2005,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Hasselmo, Nils},
	booktitle = {The {{Nordic}} languages: {An} international handbook of the history of the {{North} {Germanic}} languages 2 ({HSK} 22.2)},
	editor = {Bandle, Oskar and Braunmüller, Kurt and Jahr, Ernst Håkon and Karker, Allan and Naumann, Hans-Peter and Teleman, Ulf},
	pages = {2127--2141},
	publisher = {de Gruyter},
	title = {History of the {Scandinavian} emigrant languages},
	year = {2005},
}

@incollection{HagenEtAl2021,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Hagen, Kristin and Vangsnes, Øystein and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	booktitle = {Språk i arkiva: {{N}}y forsking om eldre talemål frå {LIA}-prosjektet},
	editor = {Hagen, Kristin and Kristoffersen, Gjert and Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander and Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	pages = {7--17},
	publisher = {Novus},
	sortname = {Hagen, Kristin and Vangsnes, Oystein and Afarli, Tor Anders},
	title = {Om {LIA}-prosjektet og artiklane i denne boka},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{Haddican2020,
	address = {New York},
	author = {Haddican, Bill and Johnson, Daniel Ezra and Wallenberg, Joel and Holmberg, Anders},
	booktitle = {Advancing Socio-grammatical Variation and Change. {{I}}n Honour of {Jenny Cheshire}},
	editor = {Beaman, Karen V. and Buchstaller, Isabelle and Fox, Susan and Walker, James A.},
	ids = {HaddicanEtAl2020},
	pages = {205--228},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {Variation and change in the particle verb alternation across {English} dialects},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{GrønnvonStechow2020,
	address = {Hoboken},
	author = {Grønn, Atle and von Stechow, Arnim},
	booktitle = {The {Wiley {Blackwell}} Companion to Semantics},
	doi = {10.1002/9781118788516.sem046},
	editor = {Daniel Gutzmann and Matthewson, Lisa and Meier, Cécile and Rullmann, Hotze and Zimmermann, Thomas Ede},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	sortname = {Gronn, Atle and von Stechow, Arnim},
	title = {The perfect},
	year = {2020}
}

@incollection{GrinevaldBert2011,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Grinevald, Colette and Bert, Michel},
	booktitle = {The {C}ambridge handbook of endangered languages},
	editor = {Austin, Peter K. and Sallaback, Julia},
	pages = {45--65},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Speakers and communities},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{Gillon2009,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Gillon, Carrie S.},
	booktitle = {Determiners: {{{U}}}niversals and variation},
	editor = {Ghomeshi, Jila and Paul, Ileana and Wiltschko, Martina},
	pages = {177--213},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {The semantic core of determiners: {{{E}}}vidence form {S}\underline{k}w\underline{x}w\'{u}7mesh},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{Gaertner2013,
	author = {G\"{a}rtner, Hans-Martin},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {{WCCFL}33}},
	pages = {199--206},
	publisher = {Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press},
	sortname = {Gartner, Hans-Martin},
	title = {Covert modality in {G}erman root infinitives},
	year = {2013},
}

@BOOK {rcoreteam,
    author    = {{R Core Team}},
    title     = {R: {A} Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
    publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
    year      = {2023},
    address   = {Vienna}
}

@incollection{Frascarelli2007,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Frascarelli, Mara and Hinterhölzl, Roland},
	booktitle = {On information structure, meaning and form. {{G}}eneralizations across languages},
	editor = {Schwabe, Kerstin and Winkler, Susanne},
	ids = {FrascarelliHinterhölzl2007},
	pages = {87--116},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	sortname = {Frascarelli, Mara and Hinterholzl, Roland},
	title = {Types of topics in {German} and {Italian}},
	year = {2007}
}

@incollection{Fleischer2008,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Fleischer, Jürg},
	booktitle = {Die {F}ormen der {W}iederaufnahme im \"{a}lteren {D}eutsch: {A}kten zum {I}nternationalen {K}ongress an der {{U}}niversité. {{P}}aris Sorbonne},
	editor = {Desportes, Yvon and Simmler, Franz and Wich-Reif, Claudia},
	pages = {199--235},
	publisher = {Weidler},
	sortname = {Fleischer, Jurg},
	title = {Die {S}yntax von {P}ronominaladverbien in der {S}prachgeschichte des {D}eutschen: {{{E}}}ine vorl\"{a}ufige {B}estandsaufnahme},
	year = {2008},
}

@incollection{Fenyvesi2000,
	address = {Szeged, Hungary},
	author = {Fenyvesi, Anna},
	booktitle = {Language Contact and the Verbal Complex of {{Dutch}} and {{Hungarian}}: {Working} papers from the 1st Bilingual Language Use Theme Meeting of the Study Centre on Language Contact, November 11–13, 1999},
	editor = {Fenyvesi, Anna and Sándor, K.},
	pages = {94--107},
	publisher = {University of Szeged, Teacher Training College},
	title = {The affectedness of the verbal complex in {American} {Hungarian}},
	year = {2000},
}

@incollection{Faarlund2003,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Faarlund, Jan Terje},
	booktitle = {Språk i endring. {I}ndre norsk språkhistorie},
	editor = {Faarlund, Jan Terje},
	ids = {faarlund2003reanalyse},
	pages = {57--79},
	publisher = {Novus},
	title = {{Reanalyse} og grammatikalisering i norske infinitivskonstruksjonar},
	year = {2003}
}

@incollection{EmbickNoyer2007,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Embick, David and Noyer, Rolf},
	booktitle = {{Oxford} handbook of linguistic interfaces},
	editor = {Ramchand, Gillian and Reiss, Charles},
	ids = {embick2007},
	pages = {289--324},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Distributed {M}orphology and the syntax\slash morphology interface},
	year = {2007}
}

@incollection{EikLaanemets2021,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Eik, Ragnhild and Laanemets, Anu},
	booktitle = {Språk i arkiva: {Ny} forsking om eldre talemål frå {{LIA}}-prosjektet},
	editor = {Hagen, Kristin and Gjert Kristoffersen and Øystein Alexander Vangsnes and Tor Anders Åfarli},
	pages = {217--239},
	publisher = {Novus},
	title = {Å være eller å bli – det er spørsmålet: {Ei} sammenligning av verbene {VÆ{RE}} og {BLI} i amerikanorsk og norgenorsk},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{EideSollid2011,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Sollid, Hilde},
	booktitle = {Linguistic universals and language variation},
	editor = {Siemund, Peter},
	pages = {327--360},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	title = {{Norwegian} main clause declaratives: {Variation} within and across grammars},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{EideHjelde2015Verb,
	address = {Leiden},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {Moribound {Germanic} heritage languages in {North} {America}: {{T}}heoretical perspectives and empirical findings},
	editor = {Page, B. Richard and Putnam, Michael T.},
	pages = {64--101},
	publisher = {Brill},
	title = {Verb second and finiteness morphology in {Norwegian} Heritage Language of the {American} Midwest},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{EideHjelde2015Borrowing,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Hjelde, Arnstein},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {{North} {America}}},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph C.},
	pages = {256--280},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Borrowing modal elements into {{American} {Norwegian}}},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{EideFryd2021,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Fryd, Marc},
	booktitle = {The perfect volume: {Papers} on the perfect},
	editor = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Fryd, Marc},
	pages = {1--40},
	publisher = {Benjamins},
	title = {Introduction},
	series = {Studies in Language Companion Series},
	number = {217},
	year = {2021},
}

@ARTICLE {eide2011wackernagel,
    author  = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
    title   = {Norwegian (non-{V2)} declaratives, resumptive elements, and the {Wackernagel} position},
    journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguistics},
    year    = {2011},
    volume  = {34},
    pages   = {179--213}
}

@incollection{Eide2021,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {The perfect volume: {Papers} on the perfect},
	editor = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Fryd, Marc},
	pages = {365--396},
	publisher = {Benjamins},
	title = {“{Have}-less perfects” in {{Norwegian}}: {An {Old Norse}} heritage},
	year = {2021},
	doi = {10.1075/slcs.217.15eid},
	number = {217}
}

@incollection{Eide2020Tense,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {The {{Cambridge}} Handbook of {{Germanic}} Linguistics},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108378291.026},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael and Page, Richard},
	pages = {591--614},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Tense and Aspect in {{Germanic}} Languages},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Eide2020Modality,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {The {{Cambridge}} Handbook of {{Germanic}} Linguistics},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108378291.025},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael and Page, Richard},
	pages = {567--590},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Modality in {{Germanic}}},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Eide2019,
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {{Selected Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the {Americas} ({WILA} 9)}},
	editor = {Biers, Kelly and Brown, Joshua R.},
	pages = {45--53},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
	title = {Convergence and hybrid rules: {Verb} movement in heritage {{Norwegian}} of the {{American} Midwest}},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{Eide2016,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {Finiteness matters: {On} finiteness-related phenomena in natural languages},
	editor = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	pages = {121–168},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	doi = {10.1075/la.231.05eid},
	title = {Finiteness, inflection, and the syntax your morphology can afford},
	number = {231},
	year = {2016},
}

@incollection{Eide2011Modals,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {In the mood for mood},
	editor = {Mortelmans, Tanja and Mortelmans, Jesse and De Mulder, Walter},
	pages = {1--20},
	publisher = {Rodopi},
	title = {Modals and the present perfect},
	year = {2011},
}

@incollection{Eide2010,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {Mood in the languages of {{Europe}}},
	editor = {Rothstein, Björn and Thieroff, Rolf},
	pages = {56–70},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Mood in {{Norwegian}}},
	number = {120},
	year = {2010},
	doi = {10.1075/slcs.120.03eid}
}

@incollection{Eide2009Tense,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {Towards a derivational syntax: {Survive-minimalism}},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael},
	pages = {91--132},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Tense, finiteness and the survive principle: {Temporal} chains in a crash-proof grammar},
	volume = {144},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{Eide2009Finiteness,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	booktitle = {Advances in comparative Germanic syntax},
	editor = {Alexiadou, Artemis and Hankamer, Jorge and McFadden, Thomas and Nuger, Justin and Schäfer, Florian},
	pages = {357--390},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Finiteness: {The} haves and the have-nots},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{DiercksEtAl2020,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Diercks, Michael and van Koppen, Marjo and Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {Agree to Agree: {Agreement} in the {M}inimalist Programme},
	editor = {Smith, Peter W. and Mursell, Johannes and Hartmann, Katharina},
	ids = {diercks20},
	pages = {347--389},
	publisher = {Language Science Press},
	title = {Agree probes down: {Anaphoric} feature valuation and phase reference},
	year = {2020},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3541762}
}

@incollection{DenBesten1983,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Den Besten, Hans},
	booktitle = {On the formal syntax of the {{Westgermania}}},
	editor = {Abraham, Werner},
	ids = {denbesten1983interaction},
	pages = {47--131},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {On the interaction of root transformations and lexical deletive rules},
	year = {1983}
}

@incollection{Dahl2000,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Dahl, Östen},
	booktitle = {Tense and aspect in the languages of {{Europe}}},
	editor = {Dahl, Östen},
	pages = {3--25},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	sortname = {Dahl, Osten},
	title = {The tense-aspect systems of {{European}} languages in typological perspective},
	year = {2000},
}

@incollection{Cuza2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Cuza, Alejandro and Miller, Lauren},
	booktitle = {{Hispanic} Linguistics at the Crossroads: {Theoretical} Linguistics, Language Acquisition and Language Contact},
	editor = {Klassen, Rachel and Liceras, Juana M. and Valenzuela, Elena},
	ids = {CuzaMiller2015},
	pages = {211--230},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {The protracted acquisition of past tense aspectual values in child heritage {{Spanish}}},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{Corbett2013,
	address = {Leipzig},
	author = {Corbett, Greville},
	booktitle = {The world atlas of language structures online},
	editor = {Dryer, Matthew S. and Haspelmath, Martin},
	publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
	title = {Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems},
	url = {http://wals.info/chapter/32},
	year = {2013},
}

@ONLINE {Nynorskordboka,
    author = {{Language Council of Norway and University of Bergen}},
    title  = {Nynorskordboka},
    year   = {2023},
    url    = {https://ordbokene.no/nno/nn},
    note   = {Accessed 16.10.2023},
    options = {indexing=false}
}

@incollection{Cinque2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Cinque, Guglielmo},
	booktitle = {Functional structure from top to toe: {The} cartography of syntactic structures},
	editor = {Svenonius, Peter},
	pages = {232--265},
	publisher = {Oxford Academic Books},
	title = {Again on tense, aspect, mood morpheme order and the {“Mirror Principle”}},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2014},
}

@incollection{Chomsky1970,
	address = {Waltham, MA},
	author = {Chomsky, Noam},
	booktitle = {Readings in {{E}}nglish transformational grammar},
	editor = {Jacobs, Roderick and Rosenbaum, Peter},
	ids = {chomsky1970remarks},
	pages = {184--221},
	publisher = {Ginn},
	title = {Remarks on nominalization},
	year = {1970}
}

@incollection{Carvalho2018,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {de Carvalho, Alex and Dautriche, Isabelle and Millotte, Séverine and Christophe, Anne},
	booktitle = {The development of prosody in first language acquisition},
	editor = {Esteve-Gibert, Núria and Pileto, Priar},
	ids = {deCarvalhoEtAl2018},
	pages = {17--35},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	sortname = {de Carvalho, Alex and Dautriche, Isabelle and Millotte, Severine and Christophe, Anne},
	title = {Early perception of phrasal prosody and its role in syntactic and lexical acquisition},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Cardinaletti1999,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Cardinaletti, Anna and Michal Starke},
	booktitle = {Clitics in the Languages of {{E}}urope},
	editor = {van Riemsdijk, Henk},
	ids = {cardinaletteistarke1999typology},
	pages = {145--233},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {The typology of structural deficiency: {A} case study of the three classes of pronouns},
	year = {1999}
}

@incollection{Broschart2000,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Broschart, Jürgen},
	booktitle = {Systems of nominal classification},
	editor = {Senft, Gunter},
	pages = {239--269},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	sortname = {Broschart, Jurgen},
	title = {Isolation of units and unification of isolates: {T}he gestalt-functions of classifiers},
	year = {2000},
}

@incollection{BousquetteEtAl2021,
	address = {Somerville, MA},
	author = {Bousquette, Joshua and Eide, Kristin Melum and Hjelde, Arnstein and Putnam, Michael T.},
	booktitle = {Selected proceedings of the 10th workshop on immigrant languages in the {Americas} ({WILA} 10)},
	editor = {Hjelde, Arnstein and Søfteland, Åshild},
	pages = {11--21},
	publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
	title = {Competition at the left edge: {{L}}eft-dislocation vs. Topicalizations in Heritage {Germanic}},
	year = {2021},
}

@incollection{Bossong2009,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Bossong, Georg},
	booktitle = {Convergence and divergence in language contact situations},
	editor = {Braunmüller, Kurt and House, Juliane},
	pages = {13--40},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Divergence, convergence, contact: {Challenges} for the genealogical classification of languages},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{Borer2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Borer, Hagit},
	booktitle = {The syntax of roots and the roots of syntax},
	editor = {Alexiadou, Artemis and Schäfer, Florian},
	pages = {112--148},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The category of roots},
	year = {2014}
}

@incollection{Borer2003,
	address = {Stanford, CA},
	author = {Borer, Hagit},
	booktitle = {The nature of explanation in linguistic theory},
	editor = {Moore, John and Polinsky, Maria},
	pages = {31--67},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	title = {{E}xo-skeletal vs. {{{E}}}ndo-skeletal explanations: {{S}}yntactic projections and the lexicon},
	year = {2003},
}

@incollection{Boerjars2003,
	author = {Börjars, Kersti and Engdahl, Elisabet and Andréasson, Maia},
	booktitle = {{Proceedings of the {LFG}03 Conference}},
	editor = {Butt, Miriam and King, Tracy Holloway},
	ids = {BörjarsEtAl2003},
	pages = {43--58},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	sortname = {Borjars, Kersti and Engdahl, Elisabeth and Andreasson, Maia},
	title = {Subject and object positions in {Swedish}},
	year = {2003}
}

@incollection{BoasWeilbacher2007,
	address = {Stanford, CA},
	author = {Boas, Hans C. and Weilbacher, Hunter},
	booktitle = {{Morphosyntax} of underrepresented languages},
	editor = {Hoyt, Frederick and Seifert, Nikki and Teodorescu, Alexandra and White, Jessica},
	number = {9},
	pages = {33--58},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	series = {Texas Linguistics Society},
	title = {How universal is the pragmatic detachability scale? {Evidence} from {Texas {German}} discourse markers},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{Beukema1989,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Beukema, Frits and den Dikken, Marcel},
	booktitle = {Sentential complementation and the lexicon: {S}tudies in honour of {W}im de {G}eest},
	editor = {Jaspers, Dany and Klooster, Wim and Putseys, Yvan and Seuren, Pieter},
	pages = {57--75},
	publisher = {Dordrecht: Foris},
	title = {The position of the infinitival marker in the {G}ermanic languages},
	year = {1989},
}

@article{Bentzen2014,
	author = {Bentzen, Kristine},
	journal = {The {Nordic} Atlas of Language Structures ({NALS})},
	title = {Embedded Verb Second ({V2})},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	pages = {211-224},
	doi = {10.5617/nals.5389},
	year = {2014},
}

@incollection{Arus2010,
	address = {Trieste},
	author = {Arús, Jorge},
	booktitle = {Thresholds and potentialities of systemic functional linguistics: {{M}}ultilingual, multimodal and other specialised discourses},
	editor = {Swain, Elisabeth},
	ids = {Arús2010},
	pages = {23--48},
	publisher = {EUT Edizioni Universitá di Trieste},
	sortname = {Arus, Jorge},
	title = {On Theme in {English} and {Spanish}: {{A}} comparative study},
	year = {2010}
}

@incollection{Andreasson2010,
	author = {Andréasson, Maia},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {LFG}10},
	editor = {Butt, Miriam and King, Tracy Holloway},
	ids = {Andréasson2010},
	note = {LFG10 Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, June 18-20, 2010},
	pages = {26--42},
	publisher = {CSLI Publications},
	sortname = {Andreasson, Maia},
	title = {Object shift or object placement in general},
	year = {2010}
}

@incollection{AnderssenWestergaard2020,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Anderssen, Merete and Westergaard, Marit},
	booktitle = {Lost in transmission: {{T}}he role of attrition and input in heritage language development},
	editor = {Brehmer, Bernhard and Treffers-Daller, Jeanine},
	pages = {99--124},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Word order variation in heritage languages: {{S}}ubject shift and object shift in {Norwegian}},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{Alexiadou2004,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Alexiadou, Artemis},
	booktitle = {Explorations in nominal inflection},
	editor = {Müller, Gereon and Gunkel, Lutz and Zifonun, Gisela},
	pages = {21--50},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	title = {Inflection class, gender and {DP}-internal structure},
	year = {2004},
}

@incollection{Aikhenvald2006,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.},
	booktitle = {Grammars in Contact: {A} Cross-Linguistic Typology},
	editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, R. M. W.},
	pages = {1--66},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Grammars in Contact: {{A}} Cross-Linguistic Typology},
	year = {2006},
}

@incollection{AdgerSvenonious2011,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Adger, David and Svenonius, Peter},
	booktitle = {The {O}xford Handbook of Linguistic Minimalism},
	editor = {Boeckx, Cedric},
	ids = {adgersvenonius2011features},
	pages = {27--51},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Features in {Minimalist} syntax},
	year = {2011}
}

@incollection{Aafarli2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Åfarli, Tor Anders},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {North} {America}},
	doi = {10.1075/silv.18},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph C.},
	ids = {Åfarli2015},
	pages = {161--177},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	sortname = {Afarli, Tor Anders},
	title = {Hybrid verb forms in {American} {Norwegian} and the analysis of the syntactic relation between the verb and its tense},
	year = {2015}
}

@incollection{PutnamEtAl2018,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Putnam, Michael T. and Kupisch, Tanja and Pacual y Cabo, Diego},
	booktitle = {Bilingual Cognition and Language: {The} state of the science across its subfields},
	editor = {Miller, David and Bayram, Fatihand and Rothman, Jason and Serratrice, Ludovica},
	ids = {Putnametal2018},
	pages = {251--279},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	series = {Studies in Bilingualism 54},
	title = {Different situations, similar outcomes: {Heritage} grammars across the lifespan},
	year = {2018}
}

@incollection{Lykke2022,
	address = {Bergen},
	author = {Lykke, Alexander K.},
	booktitle = {{{Selected Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the {Americas} ({WILA} 12})}},
	doi = {10.15845/bells.v12i2.3828},
	editor = {Peterson, Elizabeth and Eeva Sippola},
	pages = {77--90},
	series = {Bergen Language and Linguistic Studies (BeLLS) 13},
	title = {Piecing together the history of change: {A} diachronic study of moribund heritage {{Norwegian}} tense morphology},
	year = {2022},
}

@incollection{LohndalVanBaal2025,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Lohndal, Terje and van Baal, Yvonne},
	booktitle = {Heritage languages and syntactic theory},
	editor = {D'Alessandro, Roberta and Putnam, Michael T. and Terenghi, Silvia},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The {{DP}} layer in heritage {{Norwegian}}: {Vulnerability} and nominal architecture},
	year = {2025},
}

@incollection{KupischEtAl2009,
	address = {Washington D.C.},
	author = {Kupisch, Tanja and Anderssen, Merete and Bohnacker, Ute and Snape, Neil},
	booktitle = {Little Words: {Their} History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition},
	editor = {Leow, Ronald P. and Campos, Héctor and Lardiere, Donna},
	pages = {223--235},
	publisher = {Georgetown University Press},
	title = {Article acquisition in {{English}}, {{German}}, {{Norwegian}}, and {{Swedish}}},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{Johannessen2015Germanic,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {{North}} {{America}}: {Acquisition}, attrition and change},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Joseph Salmons},
	pages = {46--71},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Attrition in an {{American}} {{Norwegian}} heritage language speaker},
	year = {2015},
}

@incollection{Bohnacker2003,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Bohnacker, Ute},
	booktitle = {The Acquisition of {{Swedish}} Grammar},
	editor = {Josefsson, Gunlög and Platzack, Christer and Håkansson, Gisela},
	pages = {195--260},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Nominal phrases},
	year = {2003},
}

@book{forsocialesaker1921,
	series = {Norges offisielle statistikk},
	number = {VII 25},
	address = {Kristiania},
	author = {{Departementet for sociale saker}},
	publisher = {Aschehoug \& co},
	title = {Utvandringsstatistikk [{Emigration} statistics]},
	year = {1921},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@book{Zagona2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Zagona, Karen},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The syntax of {Spanish}},
	year = {2002},
}

@book{Wurmbrand2001,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Wurmbrand, Susanne},
	ids = {wurmbrand2001},
	publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Infinitives: {{R}}estructuring and clause structure},
	year = {2001}
}

@book{Wiltschko2014,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Wiltschko, Martina},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The universal structure of categories: {{T}}owards a formal typology},
	volume = {142},
	year = {2014},
}

@book{Westergaard2009Acquisition,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Westergaard, Marit},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {The acquisition of word order: {Micro}-cues, information structure, and economy},
	year = {2009},
	number = {145},
	doi = {10.1075/la.145}
}

@book{Walkden2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Walkden, George},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Syntactic Reconstruction and Proto-{Germanic}},
	year = {2014},
}

@book{Vikoer2001,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Vikør, Lars S.},
	ids = {Vikør2001},
	publisher = {Novus Press},
	sortname = {Vikor, Lars S.},
	title = {The {Nordic} languages: {{T}}heir status and interrelations},
	year = {2001}
}

@book{Vikner1995,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Vikner, Sten},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Verb movement and expletive subjects in the {Germanic} languages},
	year = {1995},
}

@book{Verkuyl1994,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Verkuyl, Henk},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {A theory of aspectuality: {{T}}he interaction between temporal and atemporal structure},
	year = {1994},
}

@book{VanValinLaPolla1977,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Van Valin, Robert D. and LaPolla, Randy J.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Syntax: {{S}}tructure, Meaning and Function},
	year = {1977},
}

@book{Trudgill2011,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Trudgill, Peter},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Sociolinguistic typology: {{S}}ocial determinants of linguistic complexity},
	year = {2011},
}

@book{Toivonen2003,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Toivonen, Ida},
	publisher = {Kluwer},
	title = {Non-projecting Words: {{A}} Case Study of {Swedish} Particles},
	year = {2003},
}

@book{Thrainsson2007,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Thráinsson, Höskuldur},
	ids = {thrainsson2007syntax},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	sortname = {Thrainsson, Hoskuldur},
	title = {The Syntax of {I}celandic},
	year = {2007}
}

@book{Talmy2000,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Talmy, Leonard},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	title = {Toward a Cognitive Semantics. {{V}}ol. {{I}}--{II}},
	year = {2000},
}

@book{Takla1913,
	address = {Kristiania},
	author = {Takla, Knut},
	publisher = {I. M. Stenersen \& co forlag},
	title = {Det norske folk i De forenede stater [{The} {Norwegian} people in the {United States}]},
	year = {1913},
}

@book{Stroik2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Stroik, Thomas S. and Putnam, Michael T.},
	ids = {stroikput13},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The structural design of language},
	year = {2013}
}

@book{Stolz2008,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Stolz, Thomas and Kettler, Sonja and Stroh, Cornelia and Urdze, Aina},
	ids = {stolzetal2008splitpossession},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Split possession: {A}n area-linguistic study of the alienability correlation and related phenomena in the languages of {{E}}urope},
	year = {2008}
}

@book{Smith1991,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Smith, Carlota},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Press},
	title = {The Parameter of Aspect},
	year = {1991},
}

@book{SilvaCorvalan1994,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Silva-Corvalán, Carmen},
	publisher = {Oxford Clarendon},
	sortname = {Silva-Corvalan, Carmen},
	title = {Language Contact and Change: {{S}}panish in {Los Angeles}},
	year = {1994},
}

@book{Semmingsen1950,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Semmingsen, Ingrid},
	publisher = {H. Aschehoug \& Co.},
	title = {Veien mot vest [{The} road to the west]},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1950},
}

@book{Semmingsen1941,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Semmingsen, Ingrid},
	publisher = {H. Aschehoug \& Co.},
	title = {Veien mot vest [{The} road to the west]},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1941},
}

@book{Schmid2002,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Schmid, Monika S.},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {First language attrition, use and maintenance: {{T}}he case of {German} {Jews} in anglophone countries},
	year = {2002},
}

@book{Roberts2019,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Roberts, Ian},
	ids = {roberts2019parameterhierarchies},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Parameter Hierarchies and Universal Grammar},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{Roberts1993,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Roberts, Ian},
	publisher = {Kluwer},
	title = {Verbs and Diachronic Syntax},
	year = {1993},
}

@book{RieberMohn2014,
	address = {Bergen},
	author = {Rieber-Mohn, Edvard},
	ids = {Rieber-Mohn2014},
	publisher = {John Grieg forlag},
	title = {Emigrantskipet {De Zee Ploeg} og {Bergen} i 1817 [{The} emigrant ship {De Zee Ploeg} and {Bergen} in 1817]},
	year = {2014}
}

@book{Reiersen1981,
	address = {Northfield},
	author = {Reiersen, Johan Reinert},
	note = {Translated by Frank G. Nelson},
	publisher = {Norwegian-American Historical Association},
	title = {Veiviser for norske emigranter til {De} forenede nord-amerikanske stater og {Texas} [{Pathfinder} for {Norwegian} emigrants]},
	year = {1981 [1844]}
}

@book{Qualey1938,
	address = {Northfield},
	author = {Qualey, Carlton C.},
	publisher = {Norwegian-American Historical Association},
	title = {{Norwegian} settlement in the {United States}},
	year = {1938},
}

@book{Putnam2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	booktitle = {Studies on {G}erman-language islands},
	editor = {Putnam, Michael T.},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Studies on {G}erman-language islands},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{Polinsky2018,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Polinsky, Maria},
	ids = {polinsky18,polinsky2018heritage},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Heritage languages and their speakers},
	year = {2018}
}

@book{Platzack2011,
	address = {Stockholm},
	author = {Platzack, Christer},
	ids = {platzack2011fantastiska},
	langid = {swedish},
	publisher = {Norstedt},
	title = {Den fantastiska grammatiken: {{{E}}}n minimalistisk beskrivning av svenskan},
	year = {2011}
}

@book{Pires2007,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Pires, Acrisio},
	ids = {pires2007},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {The minimalist syntax of defective domains: {Gerunds} and infinitives},
	year = {2007}
}

@book{Paul1919,
	address = {Tübingen},
	author = {Paul, Hermann},
	publisher = {Niemeyer},
	title = {{Deutsche} {G}rammatik. {B}and {{III}}. {T}eil {{IV}}: {S}yntax},
	year = {1919},
}

@book{PagePutnam2015,
	address = {Leiden},
	booktitle = {Moribund {G}ermanic heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {Theoretical} perspectives and empirical findings},
	editor = {Page, B. Richard and Putnam, Michael T.},
	ids = {pageput15},
	publisher = {Brill},
	title = {Moribund {G}ermanic heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {Theoretical} perspectives and empirical findings},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{Oeverland2010,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Øverland, Orm},
	booktitle = {Fra {Amerika} til {Norge} [{From} {America} to {Norway}]},
	editor = {Øverland, Orm},
	ids = {Øverland2010},
	publisher = {Solum forlag},
	title = {Fra {Amerika} til {Norge} [{From} {America} to {Norway}]},
	volume = {VI},
	year = {2010}
}

@book{Oeverland1996,
	address = {Northfield},
	author = {Øverland, Orm},
	ids = {Øverland1996},
	publisher = {The Norwegian American Historical Association},
	sortname = {Overland, Orm},
	title = {The western home: {{A}} literary history of the {Norwegian} {America}},
	year = {1996}
}

@book{Oestrem2019,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Østrem, Nils Olav},
	edition = {2},
	ids = {Østrem2019},
	publisher = {Samlaget},
	sortname = {Ostrem, Nils Olav},
	title = {Norsk utvandringshistorie [{Norwegian} emigration history]},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{Nordlie1914,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	author = {Nordlie, Olaf Morgan},
	publisher = {Augsburg Publishing House},
	title = {Den Forenede Norsk Lutherske Kirke i {Amerika} [{The} Unified {Norwegian} {Lutheran} Church in {America}]},
	year = {1914},
}

@book{Negele2012,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Negele, Michaela},
	publisher = {Berlin: Walter de Gruyter},
	title = {Varianten der {P}ronominaladverbien im {N}euhochdeutschen: {{G}}rammatische und soziolinguistische {{U}}ntersuchungen},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{NarrogHeine2011,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Narrog, Heiko and Heine, Bernd},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The {Oxford} handbook of grammaticalization},
	year = {2011},
}

@article{Kramer2014,
	author = {Kramer, Ruth},
	year = {2014},
	title = {Gender in {Amharic}: {A} morphosyntactic approach to natural and grammatical gender},
	journal = {Language Sciences}, 
	volume = {43}, 
	pages = {102-115}
}

@book{Mykland1975,
	address = {Oslo},
	booktitle = {Norges historie [{The} history of {Norway}]},
	editor = {Mykland, Knut},
	publisher = {J. W. Cappelens forlag},
	title = {Norges historie [{The} history of {Norway}]},
	volumes = {1--15},
	year = {1975--1979},
}

@book{Myhre1990,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Myhre, Jan Eivind},
	publisher = {J.W. Cappelens Forlag},
	title = {{{{Oslo}} bys historie} [{The} history of the city of {{Oslo}}]},
	volume = {3: Hovedstaden Christiania: Fra 1814 til 1900},
	year = {1990}
}

@book{Muysken2000,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Muysken, Peter},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Bilingual speech},
	year = {2000},
}

@book{Muehlhaeusler1977,
	address = {Canberra},
	author = {Mühlhäusler, Peter},
	ids = {Mühlhäusler1977},
	publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
	sortname = {Muhlhausler, Peter},
	title = {Pidginisation and simplification of language},
	year = {1977}
}

@book{Montrul2016,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Montrul, Silvina},
	ids = {montrul2015acquisition},
	location = {Cambridge},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The Acquisition of Heritage Languages},
	year = {2016}
}

@book{Montrul2008,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Montrul, Silvina},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: {Re-examining} the age factor},
	year = {2008},
}

@book{Moerkhagen2009,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Mørkhagen, Sverre},
	ids = {Morkhagen2009,Mørkhagen2009},
	publisher = {Gyldendal},
	sortname = {Morkhagen, Sverre},
	title = {Den norske utvandringen til {Amerika} [{The} {Norwegian} emigration to {America}]},
	volumes = {1--3},
	year = {2009--2014}
}

@book{Mauk2022,
	address = {St. Paul},
	author = {Mauk, David C.},
	publisher = {Minnesota Historical Society Press},
	title = {The heart of the heartland: {{Norwegian} {American}} community in the {Twin Cities}},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{Mauk1997,
	address = {Northfield},
	author = {Mauk, David C.},
	publisher = {Norwegian-American Historical Association},
	title = {The colony that rose from the sea: {{Norwegian}} maritime migration and community in {Brooklyn}, 1850--1910},
	year = {1997},
}

@book{Matthews2014,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Matthews, Peter H.},
	edition = {3},
	ids = {matthews2014dictionaryoflinguistics},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The Concise {O}xford Dictionary of Linguistics},
	year = {2014}
}

@book{Matras2009,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Matras, Yaron},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Language Contact},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{MacSwan1999,
	address = {New York},
	author = {MacSwan, Jeff},
	publisher = {Garland},
	title = {A minimalist approach to intra-sentential code-switching},
	year = {1999},
}

@book{Lovoll2010,
	address = {St. Paul},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {Minnesota Historical Society Press},
	title = {{Norwegian} newspapers in {{America}}: {Connecting {Norway}} and the new land},
	year = {2010},
}

@book{Lovoll2006,
	address = {St. Paul},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {Minnesota Historical Society Press},
	title = {Norwegians on the prairie: {Ethnicity} and the development of the country town},
	year = {2006},
}

@book{Lovoll1998,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	title = {The promise fulfilled: {A} portrait of {{Norwegian}} {Americans} today},
	year = {1998},
}

@book{Lovoll1988,
	address = {Northfield},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {Norwegian-American Historical Association},
	school = {University of Illinois Press},
	title = {A century of urban life: {The} {Norwegians} in {{Chicago}} before 1930},
	year = {1988},
}

@book{Lovoll1984,
	address = {Minneapolis},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press in cooperation with the Norwegian-American Historical Association},
	title = {The promise of {{America}}: {A} history of the {{Norwegian}-{America}n} people},
	year = {1984},
}

@book{Lovoll1977,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Lovoll, Odd Sverre},
	publisher = {Det norske samlaget},
	title = {Bygda i den nye verda: {Dei} norsk-amerikanske bygdelaga [{The} village in the new world: {The} {{Norwegian}}-{{American}} home district associations]},
	year = {1977},
}

@book{Louden2016,
	address = {Baltimore},
	author = {Louden, Mark L.},
	publisher = {Johns Hopkins},
	title = {{Pennsylvania} {D}utch: {{T}}he story of an {A}merican language},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{Lopez2020,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {López, Luis},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	sortname = {Lopez, Luis},
	title = {Bilingual grammar: {{T}}oward an integrated model},
	year = {2020},
}

@book{Lightfoot2020,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Lightfoot, David W.},
	ids = {lightfoot2020},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	title = {Born to parse: {How} children select their languages},
	year = {2020}
}

@book{Landstad1909,
	address = {\biberror{no address}},
	author = {Landstad, Magnus Brostrup},
	publisher = {\biberror{no publisher}},
	title = {Landstad’s {Book} of Hymns for Lutheran {Christians}},
	year = {1909},
}

@book{Labov1972,
	address = {Philadelphia},
	author = {Labov, William},
	publisher = {University of Philadelphia Press},
	title = {Sociolinguistic patterns},
	year = {1972},
}

@book{Kramer2015,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Kramer, Ruth},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The morphosyntax of gender},
	year = {2015},
}

@book{Keiser2012,
	address = {Durham, NC},
	author = {Keiser, Steven Hartman},
	publisher = {Duke University Press},
	title = {{Pennsylvania} {G}erman in the {A}merican {M}idwest},
	year = {2012},
}

@book{Julien2005,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Julien, Marit},
	ids = {julien2005nominals},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Nominal Phrases from a {S}candinavian Perspective},
	year = {2005}
}

@book{JohannessenSalmons2015,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	booktitle = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {{A}}cquisition, attrition, and change},
	editor = {Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph},
	ids = {jannejoe15},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {{Germanic} heritage languages in {N}orth {A}merica: {{A}}cquisition, attrition, and change},
	year = {2015}
}

@book{Jespersen1924,
	address = {New York City},
	author = {Jespersen, Otto},
	publisher = {The North Library},
	title = {The Philosophy of Grammar},
	year = {1924},
}

@book{Janson1913,
	address = {Kristiania},
	author = {Janson, Kristofer},
	publisher = {Gyldendal},
	title = {Hvad jeg har oplevd: {Livserindringer} [{What} {{I}} have experienced: {{L}}ife memories]},
	year = {1913},
}

@book{Iversen1990,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Iversen, Ragnvald},
	booktitle = {Norrøn grammatikk},
	publisher = {TaNo},
	title = {Norrøn grammatikk},
	year = {1990},
}

@book{Homlung1999,
	address = {Oslo},
	booktitle = {Norsk historie [{{Norwegian}} history]},
	editor = {Homlung, Beate},
	publisher = {Det norske samlaget},
	title = {Norsk historie [{{Norwegian}} history]},
	volume = {1-6},
	year = {1999},
}

@book{HolmbergPlatzack1995,
	address = {New York and Oxford},
	author = {Holmberg, Anders and Platzack, Christer},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The role of inflection in {{Scandinavian}} syntax},
	year = {1995},
}

@book{Holand1908,
	address = {Ephraim},
	author = {Holand, Hjalmar Rued},
	publisher = {Self-published},
	title = {De norske settlementers historie [{The} history of the {{Norwegian}} settlements]},
	year = {1908},
}

@book{Hjelde1992a,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein},
	publisher = {Tapir},
	title = {Trøndsk i Amerika [{The} Trønder dialect in {America}]},
	year = {1992},
}

@book{Hjelde1992,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Hjelde, Arnstein},
	ids = {hjelde1992trondsk},
	publisher = {Tapir},
	title = {Trøndsk talemål i {A}merika},
	year = {1992}
}

@book{Haugen1956,
	address = {Tuscaloosa},
	author = {Haugen, Einar},
	journal = {Publications of the American Dialect Society},
	publisher = {University Alabama Press},
	title = {Bilingualism in the {{Americas}}: {A} Bibliography and Research Guide},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1956},
}

@book{Haugen1953,
	address = {Philadelphia, PA},
	author = {Haugen, Einar},
	ids = {haugen1953},
	publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
	title = {The {{Norwegian}} Language in {{America}}: {A} Study in Bilingual Behavior},
	volume = {I--II},
	edition = {1},
	year = {1953}
}

@book{Haugen1969,
	author = {Haugen, Einar},
	year = {1969},
	title = {The {Norwegian} language in {America}: {A} study in Bilingual behavior},
	volume = {I–II},
	edition = {2},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	location = {Bloomington, IN}
}

@book{Harbert2007,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Harbert, Wayne},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The {G}ermanic languages},
	year = {2007},
}

@book{Grohmann2003,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Grohmann, Kleanthes K.},
	ids = {grohmann2003},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Prolific domains: {On} the anti-locality of movement dependencies},
	year = {2003}
}

@book{Groenvik2009,
	address = {Oslo},
	editor = {Grønvik, Oddrun and Vikør, Lars S. and Worren, Dagfinn},
	publisher = {Samlaget},
	sortname = {Gronvik, Oddrun and Vikor, Lars S. and Worren, Dagfinn},
	title = {Norsk ordbok},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2009},
}

@book{Gallmann1997,
	address = {Tübingen},
	author = {Gallmann, Peter},
	publisher = {Universit\"{a}t Tübingen},
	title = {Zur {M}orphosyntax und {L}exik der w-{W}örter},
	year = {1997},
}

@book{Freed1979,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Freed, Alice F.},
	ids = {freed79},
	publisher = {Kluwer},
	title = {The semantics of {{English}} aspectual complementation},
	year = {1979}
}

@book{Fleischer2002,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	author = {Fleischer, Jürg},
	publisher = {Steiner Verlag},
	sortname = {Fleischer, Jurg},
	title = {Die {S}yntax von {P}ronominaladverbien in den {D}ialekten des {D}eutschen: {{{E}}}ine {{U}}ntersuchung zu {P}reposition {S}tranding und verwandten {P}h\"{a}nomenen},
	year = {2002},
}

@book{FirchowEtAl1972,
	address = {The Hague},
	author = {Firchow, Evelyn and Grimstad, Kaaren and Hasselmo, Nils and O'Neil, Wayne A.},
	publisher = {Mouton},
	sortname = {Firchow, Evelyn and Grimstad, Kaaren and Hasselmo, Nils and O'Neil, Wayne A.},
	title = {Studies by {Einar} {Haugen} Presented on the occasion of his 65th birthday – {April} 19, 1971},
	year = {1972},
}

@book{Fabregas2020,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Fábregas, Antonio and Putnam, Michael T},
	publisher = {Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter},
	sortname = {Fabregas, Antonio and Putnam, Michael T},
	title = {Passives and middles in {M}ainland {S}candinavian: {M}icrovariation through exponency},
	year = {2020},
}

@book{FaarlundEtAl1997,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Faarlund, Jan Terje and Lie, Svein and Vannebo, Kjell Ivar},
	ids = {faarlundetal1997nrg,faaretal97},
	publisher = {Universitetsforlaget},
	title = {Norsk referansegrammatikk [{{Norwegian}} Reference Grammar]},
	year = {1997}
}

@book{Faarlund2019,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Faarlund, Jan Terje},
	ids = {faarlund2019syntax,faarlund19},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The syntax of {M}ainland {S}candinavian},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{Faarlund2004,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Faarlund, Jan Terje},
	ids = {faarlund2004syntax},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The Syntax of {{Old Norse}}},
	year = {2004}
}

@book{Epstein2022,
	address = {London},
	author = {Epstein, Samuel David and Kitahara, Hisatsugu and Seely, T. Daniel},
	ids = {eks22},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {A {M}inimalist theory of {S}implest {M}erge},
	year = {2022}
}

@book{Epstein2006,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Epstein, Samuel David and Seely, T. Daniel},
	ids = {epseely06},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Derivations in {M}inimalism},
	year = {2006}
}

@book{Embick2015,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Embick, David},
	ids = {embick2015},
	publisher = {Mouton De Gruyter},
	title = {The morpheme: {A} theoretical introduction},
	year = {2015}
}

@book{Eide2017,
	address = {Trondheim},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum and Dalen, Arnold and Jenstad, Tor Erik},
	ids = {EideDalenJenstad2017},
	publisher = {Museumsforlaget},
	title = {Fosenmåla},
	year = {2017}
}

@book{Eide2005,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Eide, Kristin Melum},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	title = {{Norwegian} Modals},
	year = {2005},
}

@book{Dixon2010,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Dixon, R. M. W.},
	ids = {dixon2010basic},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Basic Linguistic Theory},
	volume = {2, Grammatical topics},
	year = {2010}
}

@book{DepartmentCommerce1922,
	address = {Washington},
	institute = {Department of Commerce},
	publisher = {Bureau of the Census},
	title = {Fourteenth census of the {United States} taken in the year 1920},
	volume = {V: Agriculture},
	year = {1922},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@book{DepartmentCommerce1921,
	address = {Washington},
	author = {{Department of Commerce}},
	publisher = {Bureau of the Census},
	title = {Fourteenth census of the {United States} Taken in the year 1920. {{P}}opulation 1920: {{N}}umber and distribution of inhabitants},
	year = {1921},
	options = {indexing=false}
}

@book{DeHouwer2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {De Houwer, Annick},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Bilingual development in childhood},
	year = {2021},
}

@book{Dahl19611964,
	address = {Oslo},
	booktitle = {Vårt folks historie [The history of our people]},
	editor = {Dahl, Thorleif and Coldevin, Axel and Schreiner, Johan},
	ids = {Dahl1961},
	publisher = {Aschehoug},
	title = {Vårt folks historie [{The} history of our people]},
	volume = {1--9},
	year = {1961--1964}
}

@book{DAlessandrotoappear,
	address = {Oxford},
	booktitle = {Heritage languages and syntactic theory},
	editor = {Roberta D'Alessandro and Michael T. Putnam and Silvia Terenghi},
	ids = {robertamike23},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	sortname = {Roberta D'Alessandro and Michael T. Putnam and Silvia Terenghi},
	title = {Heritage languages and syntactic theory},
	year = {2025}
}

@book{Cornillie2007,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Cornillie, Bert},
	publisher = {DeGruyter Mouton},
	title = {Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality in {{Spanish}} (Semi)Auxiliaries: {A} Cognitive-Functional Approach},
	year = {2007},
}

@book{Cinque1999,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Cinque, Guglielmo},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Adverbs and functional heads},
	year = {1999},
}

@book{Chomsky1995,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Chomsky, Noam},
	ids = {chomsky95,chomsky1995minimalist},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	title = {The {Minimalist} program},
	year = {1995}
}

@book{Bybee1985,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Bybee, Joan},
	publisher = {Benjamins},
	title = {Morphology: {A} study of the relation between meaning and form},
	year = {1985},
}

@book{Brown2022,
	address = {Oxford},
	booktitle = {The verticalization model of language shift: {{T}}he great change in {American} communities},
	editor = {Brown, Joshua R.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The verticalization model of language shift: {{T}}he great change in {American} communities},
	year = {2022},
}

@book{Boeckx2013,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Boeckx, Cedric},
	ids = {boeckx13},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Elementary syntactic structures: {Prospects} of a feature-free syntax},
	year = {2013}
}

@book{Behagel1923,
	address = {Heidelberg},
	author = {Behagel, Otto},
	publisher = {Carl Winters Universit\"{a}tsbuchhandlung},
	title = {{Deutsche} {S}yntax: {{{E}}}ine geschichtliche {D}arstellung},
	volume = {{{VI}}: {W}ortstellung, {P}eriodenbau},
	year = {1923},
}

@book{Arad2005,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Arad, Maya},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {Roots and patterns: {{H}}ebrew morpho-syntax},
	year = {2005},
}

@book{Adger2003,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Adger, David},
	ids = {adger03},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Core syntax},
	year = {2003}
}

@book{Adamou2021,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Adamou, Evangelia},
	ids = {adamou21},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {The adaptive bilingual mind: {I}nsights from endangered languages},
	year = {2021}
}

@book{Aboh2015,
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Aboh, Enoch Oladé},
	ids = {aboh2015},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	sortname = {Aboh, Enoch Olade},
	title = {The emergence of hybrid grammars: {Language} contact and change},
	year = {2015}
}

@book{Abels2012,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Abels, Klaus},
	ids = {abels12},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	title = {Phases: {An} essay on cyclicity in syntax},
	year = {2012}
}

@book{Aasen1864,
	address = {Christiania},
	author = {Aasen, Ivar},
	publisher = {Malling},
	title = {Norsk {Grammatik}},
	year = {1864},
}


@book{AalberseEtAl2019,
	ids = {Aalberseetal2020,AalberseEtAl2020},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	doi = {10.1075/sibil.58},
	author = {Aalberse, Suzanne and Backus, Ad and Muysken, Pieter},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {Heritage Languages: {A} Language Contact Approach},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{Aafarli2003,
	address = {Oslo},
	author = {Åfarli, Tor Anders and Eide, Kristin Melum},
	ids = {aafarli2003},
	publisher = {Novus forlag},
	sortname = {Afarli, Tor Anders and Eide, Kristin Melum},
	title = {Norsk generativ syntaks},
	year = {2003}
}

@book{Aa2020,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Aa, Leiv Inge},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	title = {{Norwegian} verb particles},
	year = {2020},
}

@book {Borer2013,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Borer, Hagit},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Structuring sense},
    volume = {{III}: {T}aking form},
	year = {2013}
}

@book {Borer2005b,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Borer, Hagit},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Structuring sense},
	volume = {{{II}}: {T}he normal course of events},
	year = {2005},
}

@book{Borer2005a,
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Borer, Hagit},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Structuring sense},
	volume = {{I}: {I}n name only},
	year = {2005}
}

@article{vanBaal2024Definiteness,
	author = {van Baal, Yvonne},
	doi = {10.1007/s10828-023-09149-z},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics},
	pages = {1},
	title = {Definiteness marking in {{American}} {{Norwegian}}: {A} unique pattern among the {{Scandinavian}} languages},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2024},
}

@article{vanBaal2024,
	author = {van Baal, Yvonne},
	doi = {10.1017/S1470542724000011},
	journal = {Journal of Germanic Linguistics},
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