@phdthesis{Akers1977, author = {Akers, Glen}, title = {Phonological variation in the {J}amaican Continuum}, school={Harvard University}, year = {1977} } @book{Akers1981, address = {Ann Arbor}, author = {Akers, Glen}, publisher = {Karoma Publishers}, title = {Phonological Variation in the {J}amaican Continuum}, year = {1981} } @article{Alexander1977, author = {Alexander, J}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, volume={4}, pages = {413--435}, title = {The Culture of Race in Middle-Class {K}ingston, {Jamaica}}, number = {3}, year = {1977} } @book{Alleyne1980a, address = {Ann Arbor}, author = {Alleyne, Mervyn C.}, publisher = {Karoma Publishers}, title = {Comparative {A}fro-{American}}, year = {1980} } @book{Allsopp1996, address = {Oxford}, author = {Allsopp, Richard}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Dictionary of {Caribbean} {E}nglish Usage}, year = {1996} } @book{Alvesson1993, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Alvesson, Mats}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Cultural Perspectives on Organizations}, year = {1993} } @article{Austin1983, author = {Austin, Diane}, journal = {American Ethnologist}, pages = {223--240}, title = {Culture and Ideology in the {English} Speaking {C}aribbean: {{A}} View from {J}amaica}, volume={10}, number = {2}, year = {1983} } @book{Bailey1966, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Bailey, Beryl}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Jamaican {Creole} Syntax}, year = {1966} } @book{Bailey1991, address = {Ann Arbor}, author = {Bailey, Richard, W.}, publisher = {The University of Michigan Press}, title = {Images of {English}: {{A}} Cultural History of the Language}, year = {1991} } @book{Barrow1997, address = {London}, author = {Barrow, Steve and Dalton, Peter}, publisher = {Rough Guides Ltd}, title = {Reggae, The {R}ough {G}uide}, year = {1997} } @book{Baugh1993, address = {London}, author = {Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {A History of the {English} Language}, year = {1993} } @book{Beal2002, address = {Oxford}, author = {Beal, Joan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{English} Pronunciation in the Eighteenth Century}, year = {2002} } @phdthesis{Beckford-Wassink1999a, author = {Beckford‑Wassink, Alicia}, title = {A Sociophonetic Analysis of {J}amaican Vowels}, school={University of Michigan}, year = {1999} } @article{Beckford‑Wassink1999b, journal = {Language in Society}, volume={28}, author = {Beckford‑Wassink, Alicia}, pages = {57-‑92}, title = {Historic Low Prestige and Seeds of Change: {A}ttitudes toward {J}amaican {Creole}}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Beckles2000, author = {Hilary Beckles}, booktitle = {{Caribbean} Slavery in the {A}tlantic World}, editor = {Verene Shepherd and Hilary Beckles}, pages = {226--238}, publisher = {Ian Randle}, address={Kingston}, title = {A ``riotous and unruly lot'': {I}rish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the {E}nglish {W}est {I}ndies, 1644--1713}, year = {2000} } @article{Bell1984, author = {Bell, Allan}, journal = {Language in Society}, volume={13}, pages = {145--204}, title = {Language Style as Audience Design}, volume = {2}, year = {1984} } @article{Bickerton1973, author = {Bickerton, Derek}, journal = {Language}, pages = {640--669}, title = {On the Nature of a {Creole} Continuum}, volume={49}, number= {3}, year = {1973} } @book{Bickerton1975, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Bickerton, Derek}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Dynamics of a {Creole} System}, year = {1975} } @article{Bobda2001, journal = {World Englishes}, volume={20}, number={3}, author = {Bobda, Augustin Simo}, pages = {269-‑284}, title = {{East} and {S}outhern {A}frican {E}nglish Accents}, year = {2001} } @book{Bourdieu1984, address = {London}, author = {Bourdieu, Pierre}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {Distinction}, year = {1984} } @book{Bourdieu1991, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Bourdieu, Pierre}, publisher = {Polity Press}, title = {Language and Symbolic Power}, year = {1991} } @article{Brodber1989, author = {Brodber, Kathryn}, journal = {English World-Wide}, volume={10}, pages = {41--53}, title = {Standard {English} in {J}amaica: {A} Case of Competing Norms}, number = {1}, year = {1989} } @book{Busby1992, address = {New York}, author = {Busby, Margaret}, publisher = {Ballantine Books}, title = {Daughters of {Africa}}, year = {1992} } @article{Cameron2000, author = {Cameron, Deborah}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, pages = {323--347}, title = {Styling the Worker: {{G}}ender and the Commodification of Language in the Globalized Service Economy}, volume={4}, number = {3}, year = {2000} } @book{Cassidy1961, address = {London}, author = {Cassidy, Frederic}, publisher = {Macmillan}, title = {{Jamaica} Talk}, year = {1961} } @book{Cassidy1967, author = {Cassidy, Frederic and Le Page, Robert}, title = {Dictionary of {J}amaican {English}}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, address={Cambridge}, year = {1967} } @book{Chaudenson2001, address = {London}, author = {Chaudenson, Robert}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {Creolization of Language and Culture}, year = {2001} } @article{Christie1998a, author = {Christie, Pauline}, journal = {UWILING, Working Papers in Linguistics}, pages = {19--34}, title = {Trends in {Jamaican English}: {I}ncreasing Deviance or Emerging Standards? }, volume = {3}, year = {1998} } @article{Christie1998b, author = {Christie, Pauline}, journal = {UWILING, Working Papers in Linguistics}, pages = {74--90}, title = {History and Language}, volume = {3}, year = {1998} } @book{Christie2003, address = {Kingston}, author = {Christie, Pauline}, publisher = {Arawak Publications}, title = {Language in {Jamaica}}, year = {2003} } @article{Corson1993, author = {Corson, David}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {165--191}, title = {Discursive Bias and Ideology in the Administration of Minority Group Interests}, volume = {22}, year = {1993} } @article{Coupland1984, author = {Coupland, Nikolas}, journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language}, pages = {49--70}, title = {Accommodation at Work: {{S}}ome Phonological Data and their Implications}, volume = {46}, year = {1984} } @article{Coye1998, author = {Coye, Dale}, journal = {American Speech}, pages = {178--196}, title = {Orthoepic Piracy: {{S}}pelling Pronunciations and {S}tandard {English}}, number = {2}, volume={73}, year = {1998} } @book{Crompton1993, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Crompton, Rosemary}, publisher = {Polity Press}, title = {Class and Stratification: {{A}}n Introduction to Current Debates}, year = {1993} } @phdthesis{Devonish1978, author = {Devonish, Hubert}, title = {The Selection and Codification of a Widely Understood and Publicly Usable Language Variety in {Guyana}, to be Used as a Vehicle for National Development}, school={University of York}, year = {1978} } @book{Devonish2002, address = {Kingston}, author = {Devonish, Hubert}, publisher = {Arawak Publications}, title = {Talking Rhythm, Stressing Tone}, year = {2002} } @article{DevonishSeiler1991, author = {Devonish, Hubert and Seiler, Walter}, title = {A Reanalysis of the Phonological System of {J}amaican {Creole}}, journal={{S}ociety for Caribbean Linguistics Occasional Paper}, volume={24}, year = {1991} } @article{Dubois1998, author = {Dubois, Sylvie and Horvath, Barbara}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, pages = {245--261}, title = {Let's tink about dat: {{I}}nterdental Fricatives in {C}ajun {English}}, number = {3}, volume={10}, year = {1998} } @misc{DyerBeckford2001, author = {Dyer, Judy and Beckford-Wassink, Alicia}, note = {Paper presented at the University of the West Indies (Mona), Kingston, May 7, 2002}, title = {Taakin braad and talking broad: {C}hanging indexicality of phonological variants in two language contact situations}, year = {2001} } @book{Escure1997, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Escure, Genevieve}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {{Creole} and Dialect Continua}, series={{C}reole Language Library}, number={18}, year = {1997} } @incollection{Escure2000, author = {Escure, Genevieve}, journal = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, note = {Papers presented at the biennial meeting for the Society for {C}aribbean Linguistics 2000, {K}ingston, {University of the West Indies (Mona)}, August 16--19}, pages = {141--145}, title = {Neva: {{F}}rom {Caribbean} {C}reoles to Meso-Acrolects}, volume = {2000}, year = {2000} } @book{Freeborn1998, address = {London}, author = {Freeborn, Dennis}, publisher = {Macmillan}, title = {From {O}ld {English} to {S}tandard {English}}, year = {1998} } @book{Gbedemah1995, address = {Kingston}, author = {Gbedemah, G.}, publisher = {Carlong Publishers}, title = {Fun with Phonics: {{S}}kill-Building}, edition={7th edition}, year = {1995} } @book{Giegerich1992, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Giegerich, Heinz}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{English} Phonology}, year = {1992} } @book{Giles1975, address = {New York}, author = {Giles, Howard and Powesland, Peter}, publisher = {Harcourt Brace}, title = {Speech Style and Social Evaluation}, year = {1975} } @book{Gimson1980, address = {London}, author = {Gimson, A. C.}, publisher = {Edward Arnold}, title = {An Introduction to the Pronunciation of {English}}, year = {1980} } @book{Gordon1986, address = {Kingston}, author = {Gordon, Derek}, publisher = {ISER}, title = {Class, Status and Social Mobility in {Jamaica}}, year = {1986} } @article{Görlach1987, author = {Görlach, Manfred}, journal = {English World-Wide}, pages = {41--60}, title = {Colonial lag? {{T}}he Alleged Conservative Character of {American} {E}nglish and Other `Colonial' Varieties}, volume={8}, number = {1}, year = {1987} } @book{Green2002, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Green, Lisa}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{African American English}}, year = {2002} } @book{Grint1991, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Grint, Keith}, publisher = {Polity Press}, title = {The Sociology of Work}, year = {1991} } @article{Gupta2001, author = {Gupta, Anthea}, journal = {World Englishes}, pages = {365--381}, title = {Realism and Imagination in the Teaching of {English}}, volume={20}, number = {3}, year = {2001} } @article{Hernández-Campoy2003, author = {Hernández-Campoy, Juan and Jiménez-Cano, José}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, pages = {321--347}, title = {Broadcasting Standardisation: {{A}}n Analysis of the Linguistic Normalisation Process in {Murcian} {S}panish}, volume={7}, number = {3}, year = {2003} } @book{Hewitt1986, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Hewitt, Roger}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {White Talk {B}lack Talk. {I}nter-racial Friendship and Communication amongst Adolescents}, year = {1986} } @book{HoPlatt1993, address = {Oxford}, author = {Ho, Mian-Lian and Platt, John}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Dynamics of a Contact Continuum: {{S}}ingaporean {English}}, year = {1993} } @book{Holm1988, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Holm, John}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Pidgins} and Creoles: {{V}}olume 1, Theory and Structure}, year = {1988} } @article{Holmes1997, journal = {English World‑Wide}, volume={18}, number={1}, author = {Holmes, Janet}, pages = {107‑-142}, title = {Setting New Standards: {S}ound Changes and Gender in {New Zealand English}}, year = {1997} } @article{Horvath1987, author = {Horvath, Barbara and Sankoff, David}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {179--204}, title = {Delimiting the {Sydney} Speech Community}, volume = {16}, year = {1987} } @book{Hudson1980, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Hudson, Richard}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Sociolinguistics}, year = {1980} } @book{Hymes1974, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Hymes, Dell}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, title = {Foundations in Sociolinguistics: {{A}}n Ethnographic Approach}, year = {1974} } @misc{Irvine1988, author = {Irvine, Alison}, title = {A study of the linguistic markers of social differentiation in two Jamaican communities}, note={{M}. {P}hil. dissertation, University of {York}}, year = {1988} } @article{Irvine1994, author = {Irvine, Alison}, journal = {English World Wide}, pages = {55--78}, title = {Dialect Variation in {J}amaican {English}: {{A}} Study of the Phonology of Social Group Marking}, volume={15}, number = {1}, year = {1994} } @article{Janda1992, journal = {Language and Communication}, volume={12}, author = {Janda, Richard and Auger, Julie}, pages = {195-‑236}, title = {Quantitative Evidence, Qualitative Hypercorrection, Sociolinguistic Variables -- and {French} Speakers' 'eadhaches with English /h/}, year = {1992} } @incollection{Kirwin2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Kirwin, William}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Newfoundland {English}}, booktitle={The {C}ambridge History of the {English} Language, Vol. {{VI}}, {English} in {N}orth {A}merica}, editor = {John Algeo}, pages={441--455}, year = {2001} } @book{Krapp1925, address = {New York}, author = {Krapp, George Philip}, publisher = {The Century Company}, title = {The {English} Language in {A}merica: {{V}}olume 11}, year = {1925} } @book{Labov1966, address = {Washington}, author = {Labov, William}, publisher = {Center for Applied Linguistics}, title = {The Social Stratification of {English} in {New York City}}, year = {1966} } @incollection{Labov1968, address = {The Hague}, author = {Labov, William}, publisher = {Mouton}, title = {The Reflection of Social Processes in Linguistic Structures}, booktitle={Readings in the Sociology of Language}, editor={Joshua Fishman}, pages={240--251}, year = {1968} } @book{Labov1972, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Labov, William}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, title = {Sociolinguistic Patterns}, year = {1972} } @incollection{LaCharité1996, address = {Toronto}, author = {LaCharité, Darlene}, publisher = {Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics}, title = {The Segmental Status of [st]: {{{E}}}vidence from Basilectal and Mesolectal {J}amaican {C}reole}, editor={Koskinen, Päivi}, booktitle={{P}roceedings of the 1995 Annual Conference of the {Canadian Linguistic Association}}, year = {1996} } @book{LallaDCosta1989, address = {Tuscaloosa}, author = {Lalla, Barbara and D'Costa, Jean}, publisher = {The University of Alabama Press}, title = {Voices in Exile. {{J}}amaican Texts of the 18th and 19th Centuries}, year = {1989} } @book{LallaDCosta1990, address = {Tuscaloosa}, author = {Lalla, Barbara and D'Costa, Jean}, publisher = {The University of Alabama Press}, title = {Language in Exile: {T}hree Hundred Years of {Jamaican Creole}}, year = {1990} } @book{Lazarus1991, address = {Oxford}, author = {Lazarus, Richard, S.}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Emotion and Adaptation}, year = {1991} } @book{Lehmann1973, address = {New York}, author = {Lehmann, Winfred}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart \& Winston}, title = {Historical Linguistics}, year = {1973} } @incollection{LePage1960, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Le Page, Robert}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Jamaican {Creole}}, booktitle={Creole Language Studies \textup{1}}, editor={Robert Le Page}, year = {1960} } @article{LePage1975, author = {Le Page, Robert}, title = {Projection, Focussing, Diffusion, or Steps towards a Sociolinguistic Theory of Language}, journal={York Papers in Linguistics}, volume={9}, year = {1980} } @article{LePage1988, author = {Le Page, Robert}, journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language}, pages = {25--36}, title = {Some Premises Concerning the Standardization of Languages, with Special Reference to {Caribbean} {C}reole {E}nglish}, volume = {71}, year = {1988} } @book{LePageTabouret1985, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Le Page, Robert and Tabouret-Keller, Andrée}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Acts of Identity}, year = {1985} } @book{Lewis1968, address = {New York}, author = {Lewis, Gordon}, publisher = {Monthly Review Press}, title = {The Growth of the Modern {West} {I}ndies}, year = {1968} } @book{Lippi-Green1997, address = {London}, author = {Lippi-Green, Rosina}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {{English} with an Accent}, year = {1997} } @misc{Marshall1983, author = {Marshall, Hayden}, title = {Unpublished {BA} {Caribbean} study}, note={University of the West Indies (Mona)}, year = {1983} } @book{McArthur1992, address = {Oxford}, author = {McArthur, Tom}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {The {BBC} and Spoken {English}}, booktitle={The {O}xford Companion to the {English} Language}, editor={Tom McArthur}, year = {1992} } @book{McArthur1998, address = {Cambridge}, author = {McArthur, Tom}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {The {English} Languages}, year = {1998} } @book{Meade2001, address = {LOT}, author = {Meade, Rocky R.}, publisher = {Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics}, title = {Acquisition of {J}amaican Phonology}, year = {2001} } @book{Miller1991, address = {Kingston}, author = {Errol Miller}, publisher = {Jamaica Publishing House Ltd}, title = {Men at Risk}, year = {1991} } @misc{Miller1987, title = {Acrolectal {J}amaican speech: {A} descriptive analysis of its phonology and morpho-syntax}, author = {Faye Miller}, note = {University of the West Indies (Mona) M.Phil. thesis}, year = {1987} } @book{MilroyMilroy1985, address = {London}, author = {Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {Authority in Language}, year = {1985} } @book{Milroy1980, address = {Oxford}, author = {Milroy, Lesley}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell}, title = {Language and Social Networks}, year = {1980} } @article{Milroy2002, author = {Milroy, Lesley}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics 6,1}, pages = {3--15}, title = {Introduction: {{M}}obility, Contact and Language Change -- Working with Contemporary Speech Communities}, volume = {1}, year = {2002} } @book{MilroyGordon2003, address = {Oxford}, author = {Milroy, Lesley and Gordon, Matthew}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, title = {Sociolinguistics: {{M}}ethod and Interpretation}, year = {2003} } @misc{Ministry1999, author = {{Ministry of Education and Culture, Jamaica}}, title = {Revised Primary Curriculum. {{G}}overnment of {Jamaica} / Inter-American Development Bank, Primary Education Improvement Programme}, year = {1999} } @article{Mufwene1996, author = {Mufwene, Salikoko}, journal = {Diachronica}, pages = {83--134}, title = {The Founder Principle in {Creole} Genesis}, volume = {13}, year = {1996} } @book{Mufwene2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Mufwene, Salikoko}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {The Ecology of Language Evolution}, year = {2001} } @book{Mugglestone1995, address = {Oxford}, author = {Mugglestone, Lynda}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, title = {`{T}alking Proper': {T}he Rise of Accent as Social Symbol}, year = {1995} } @book{Muhleisen2002, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Mühleisen, Susanne}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {{Creole} Discourse}, series={Creole Language Library}, number={24}, year = {2002} } @article{Nair-Venugopal2001, author = {Nair-Venugopal, Shanta}, journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language}, pages = {21--52}, title = {The Sociolinguistics of Choice in {M}alaysian Business Settings}, volume = {152}, year = {2001} } @book{Nettleford1970, address = {Jamaica}, author = {Nettleford, Rex}, publisher = {William Collins and Sangster's Ltd}, title = {Mirror, Mirror}, year = {1970} } @book{Nettleford1972, address = {New York}, author = {Nettleford, Rex}, publisher = {William Morrow \& Company}, title = {Identity, Race and Protest in {Jamaica}}, year = {1972} } @book{Nevalainen2003, address = {London}, author = {Nevalainen, Terttu and Raumolin‑Brunberg, Helena}, publisher = {Pearson Education}, title = {Historical Sociolinguistics: {{L}}anguage Change in Tudor and Stuart {England}}, year = {2003} } @incollection{Nichols1983, address = {Rowley, MA}, author = {Nichols, Patricia}, publisher = {Newbury House}, title = {Linguistic Options and Choices for {B}lack Women in the Rural {South}}, booktitle={Language, Gender and Society}, editor={Barrie Thorne and Cheris Kramarae and Nancy Henley}, year = {1983} } @article{Paolillo1997, author = {Paolillo, John}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {269--296}, title = {Sinhala Diglossia: {D}iscrete or Continuous Variation?}, volume = {26}, year = {1997} } @phdthesis{Patrick1992, title = {Linguistic Variation in {U}rban {J}amaican {C}reole: {A} Sociolinguistic Study of {K}ingston, {J}amaica}, author = {Patrick, Peter}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, year = {1992} } @book{Patrick1999, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Patrick, Peter}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {Urban {J}amaican {Creole}}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Patrick2000, author = {Patrick, Peter}, title = {Social status and mobility in urban {J}amaican {Patwa}}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 13th biennial conference of the {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}}, publisher={University of the West Indies}, address={Kingston, Jamaica}, year = {2000} } @article{Patrick2002, author = {Patrick, Peter}, title = {{Caribbean} {C}reoles and the Speech Community}, journal={Society for {Caribbean} Linguistics Occasional Papers}, volume={30}, year = {2002} } @book{Patterson1973, address = {London}, author = {Patterson, Orlando}, publisher = {Associated University Press}, title = {The Sociology of Slavery}, year = {1973} } @book{Pegge1814, address = {London}, author = {Pegge, Samuel}, publisher = {Nichols, son, and Bentley}, title = {Anecdotes of the {English} Language: {{C}}hiefly Regarding the Local Dialect of {L}ondon and its Environs}, year = {1814} } @book{Planning2000, address = {Kingston}, author = {{Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ)}}, shortauthor = {PIOJ}, publisher = {PIOJ}, title = {{Jamaica}: {{H}}uman Development Report 2000}, year = {2000} } @book{Preston1989, address = {Oxford}, author = {Preston, Dennis}, publisher = {Blackwell}, title = {Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition}, year = {1989} } @book{Pyles1993, address = {Fort Worth}, author = {Pyles, Thomas and Algeo, John}, publisher = {Harcourt Brace Jovanovich}, title = {The Origins and Development of the {English} Language}, year = {1993} } @book{Rickford1987, address = {Stanford}, author = {Rickford, John}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, title = {Dimensions of a {Creole} Continuum}, year = {1987} } @book{Roberts1988, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Roberts, Peter}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{West} {I}ndians \& Their Language}, year = {1988} } @article{Rubin1992, author = {Rubin, Donald}, journal = {Research in Higher Education 33}, pages = {511--531}, title = {Nonlanguage Factors Affecting Undergraduates' Judgements of Non-Native {English} Speaking Teaching Assistants}, volume = {4}, year = {1992} } @article{Sahgal1985, author = {Sahgal, Anju and Agnihotri, Rama Kant}, journal = {English World-Wide}, pages = {117--129}, title = {Syntax: {T}he Common Bond. {{A}}cceptability of Syntactic Deviances in {Indian} {E}nglish}, volume={6}, number = {1}, year = {1985} } @phdthesis{Santa1991, title = {Phonetic Simplification Processes in the {E}nglish of the {B}arrio: {A} Cross-generational Sociolinguistic Study of the {C}hicanos of {L}os {A}ngeles}, author = {Santa Ana, Otto}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, year = {1991} } @article{Scollon1997, author = {Scollon, Ron}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, pages = {39--61}, title = {Handbills, Tissues and Condoms: {{A}} Site of Engagement for the Construction of Identity in Public Discourse}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1997} } @article{Sealey2001, author = {Sealey, Alison and Carter, Bob}, journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language}, pages = {1--19}, title = {Social Categories and Sociolinguistics: {{A}}pplying a Realist Approach}, volume = {152}, year = {2001} } @book{Sherlock1998, address = {Kingston}, author = {Sherlock, Philip and Bennett, Hazel}, publisher = {Ian Randle Publishers}, title = {The Story of the {J}amaican People}, year = {1998} } @misc{Shields1984, author = {Shields, Kathryn}, title = {The significance of word-final t/d consonant clusters for syllable structuring in {Standard Jamaican English}}, note={Paper presented at the 5th biennial meeting for the {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, 1984, Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona), August 29--September 1.}, year = {1984} } @phdthesis{Shields1987, author = {Shields, Kathryn}, title = {Language Variation in the Classroom}, note={D. Phil. Dissertation, University of the {West} Indies (Mona).}, year = {1987} } @article{Silverstein1998, author = {Silverstein, Michael}, journal = {Annual Reviews of Anthropology}, pages = {401--426}, title = {Contemporary Transformations of Local Linguistic Communities}, volume = {27}, year = {1998} } @book{STATIN1991, address = {Kingston}, author = {STATIN}, publisher = {Statistical Institute of Jamaica}, title = {Population Census}, volume={1}, year = {1991} } @misc{Stewart2002, author = {Stewart, Michele}, title = {The emergence of basilectal varieties in Kingston}, note={Manuscript, Department of Language, Linguistics \& Philosophy, University of the {West} Indies (Mona).}, year = {2002} } @incollection{Stewart1965, title = {Urban {N}egro Speech: {S}ociolinguistic Factors Affecting {E}nglish Teaching}, author = {Stewart, William A.}, publisher = {National Council of Teachers of English}, booktitle= {Social Dialects and Language Learning: {P}roceedings of the {B}loomington, {I}ndiana Conference 1964}, editor={Shuy, Roger and Alva Davis and Robert Hogan}, pages={10-‑19}, year = {1965} } @book{Stone1980, address = {New Jersey}, author = {Stone, Carl}, publisher = {Transactions Inc}, title = {Democracy and Clientelism}, year = {1980} } @mastersthesis{Taylor1971, author = {Taylor, Frank}, title = {The Foundation of the {Jamaica} Tourist Industry (up to 1914)}, year = {1971}, school={University of the West Indies (Mona)} } @book{Taylor1993, address = {Pittsburgh}, author = {Taylor, Frank}, publisher = {University of Pittsburgh Press}, title = {To Hell with Paradise: {A} History of the {J}amaica Tourist Industry}, year = {1993} } @mastersthesis{Thaxter1977, author = {Thaxter, Kenneth}, title = {Language Variation in a {J}amaican Training College}, school={University of the {West} Indies (Mona)}, year = {1977} } @article{Trudgill1972, author = {Trudgill, Peter}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {179--195}, title = {Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban {British} {E}nglish of {N}orwich}, volume = {1}, year = {1972} } @book{Trudgill1978, author={Trudgill, Peter}, year={1978}, title={Sociolinguistic Patterns in {B}ritish {E}nglish}, publisher={Edward Arnold}, address={London} } @book{Trudgill1986, address = {Oxford}, author = {Trudgill, Peter}, publisher = {Blackwell}, title = {Dialects in Contact}, year = {1986} } @book{Trudgill2002, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Trudgill, Peter}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, title = {Sociolinguistic Variation and Change}, year = {2002} } @book{Trudgill1994, address = {London}, author = {Trudgill, Peter and Hannah, Jean}, publisher = {Edward Arnold}, title = {International {English}}, year = {1994} } @article{Walters1996, author = {Walters, Keith}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {515--555}, title = {Gender, Identity and the Political Economy of Language Use: {{A}}nglophone Wives in {Tunisia}}, volume = {25}, year = {1996} } @article{Watt2000, author = {Watt, Dominic}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, pages = {69--101}, title = {Phonetic Parallels between the Close-Mid Vowels of {T}yneside {E}nglish: {A}re They Internally or Externally Motivated?}, volume = {12}, number= {1}, year = {2000} } @book{Wells1973, address = {Oxford}, author = {Wells, {John C.}}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell}, title = {Jamaican Pronunciation in {London}}, year = {1973} } @book{Wells1982a, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Wells, John C.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Accents of {English} 1: {{A}}n Introduction}, year = {1982} } @book{Wells1982b, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Wells, John C.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Accents of {English} 2: {The British Isles}}, year = {1982} } @book{Wells1982c, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Wells, John C.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Accents of {English} 3: {Beyond the British Isles}}, year = {1982} } @article{Winford1985, author = {Winford, Donald}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {345--356}, title = {The Concept of ``Diglossia'' in {Caribbean} {C}reole Situations}, volume = {14}, year = {1985} } @article{Winford1997, author = {Winford, Donald}, journal = {World Englishes 16}, pages = {233--279}, title = {Re-Examining {Caribbean} {E}nglish {C}reole Continua}, volume = {2}, year = {1997} } @book{Witter1980, address = {Morant Bay}, author = {Witter, Michael and Beckford, George}, publisher = {Maroon Publishing House}, title = {Small Garden, Bitter Weed}, year = {1980} } @book{Wolfram1998, address = {Oxford}, author = {Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell}, title = {{American English}}, year = {1998} } @article{Wolfson1976, author = {Wolfson, Nessa}, journal = {Language in Society}, pages = {189--209}, title = {Speech Events and Natural Speech: {{S}}ome Implications for Sociolinguistic Methodology}, volume = {5}, year = {1976} } @book{Wright2002, address = {Kingston}, editor = {Wright, Philip}, publisher = {The University of the West Indies Press}, title = {Lady {N}ugent's Journal of Her Residence in {Jamaica} from 1801 to 1805}, year = {2002} } @misc{Young1973, author = {Young, Colville}, note = {University of York D.Phil. dissertation}, title = {Belize Creole: {A} study of the creolized {E}nglish spoken in the city of {B}elize, in its cultural and social setting}, year = {1973} } @incollection{Alleyne1980b, address = {New York}, author = {Alleyne, Mervyn C}, booktitle = {Theoretical Orientations in {Creole} Studies}, editor = {Albert Valdman and Arnold Highfield}, pages = {1--17}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {Introduction: {{T}}heoretical Orientations in {Creole} Studies}, year = {1980} } @incollection{Bell2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Bell, Allan}, booktitle = {Style and Sociolinguistic Variation}, editor = {Penny Eckert and John Rickford}, pages = {139--169}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Back in Style: {{R}}eworking Audience Design}, year = {2001} } @incollection{Brereton1995, address = {Kingston}, author = {Brereton, Bridget}, booktitle = {Engendering History}, editor = {Verene Shepherd, Bridget Brereton and Barbara Bailey}, pages = {63--93}, publisher = {Ian Randle Publishers}, title = {Text, Testimony and Gender: {{A}}n Examination of Some Texts by Women on the {English}-Speaking {C}aribbean, from the 1770's to the 1920's}, year = {1995} } @incollection{Bryan1996, address = {Princeton}, author = {Bryan, Patrick}, booktitle = {{Caribbean} Freedom}, editor = {Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd}, pages = {284--296}, publisher = {Markus Wiener Publishers}, title = {The Black Middle Class in 19th Century {Jamaica}}, year = {1996} } @incollection{Bryan1998, address = {Kingston}, author = {Bryan, Patrick}, booktitle = {The {W}hite Minority in the {Caribbean}}, editor = {Howard Johnson and Karl Watson}, pages = {116--132}, publisher = {Ian Randle}, title = {The {W}hite Minority in {Jamaica} at the End of the Nineteenth Century}, year = {1998} } @incollection{Campbell1996, address = {Princeton}, author = {Campbell, Carl}, booktitle = {{Caribbean} Freedom}, editor = {Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd}, pages = {262--268}, publisher = {Markus Wiener Publishers}, title = {Social and Economic Obstacles to the Development of Popular Education in Post-Emancipation {Jamaica}, 1834--1865}, year = {1996} } @incollection{Cheshire1999, address = {London}, author = {Cheshire, Jenny}, booktitle = {Standard {English}: {T}he Widening Debate}, editor = {Tony Bex and Richard Watts}, pages = {129--147}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {Spoken {S}tandard {English}}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Christie1989, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Christie, Pauline}, booktitle = {{English} across Cultures: {{C}}ultures across {English}.}, editor = {Ofelia Garcia and Ricardo Otheguy}, pages = {243--262}, publisher = {Benjamins}, title = {Questions of Standards and Intraregional Differences in {Caribbean} Examinations}, year = {1989} } @incollection{Craig1982, address = {Urbana}, author = {Craig, Dennis}, booktitle = {The Other Tongue: {{{E}}}nglish Across Cultures}, editor = {Braj Kachru}, pages = {198--209}, publisher = {University of Illinois Press}, title = {Toward a Description of {Caribbean} {E}nglish}, year = {1982} } @incollection{DeCamp1961, address = {London}, author = {DeCamp, David}, booktitle = {{Creole} Language Studies 2.}, editor = {Robert Le Page}, pages = {61--84}, publisher = {Macmillan}, title = {Social and Geographic Factors in {J}amaican Dialects}, year = {1961} } @incollection{DeCamp1971, address = {Cambridge}, author = {DeCamp, David}, booktitle = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages}, editor = {Dell Hymes}, pages = {340--376}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Toward a Generative Analysis of a Post-{Creole} Speech Community}, year = {1971} } @incollection{Deuchar1988, address = {London}, author = {Deuchar, Margaret}, booktitle = {Women in Their Speech Communities}, editor = {Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron}, pages = {27--32}, publisher = {Longman}, title = {A Pragmatic Account of Women in their Speech Communities}, year = {1988} } @incollection{Devonish1992, address = {St. Augustine}, author = {Devonish, Hubert}, booktitle = {Studies in {Caribbean} Language \textup{II}.}, editor = {Pauline Christie and Barbara Lalla and Velma Pollard and Lawrence Carrington}, pages = {178--196}, publisher = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, title = {On the Existence of Autonomous Language Varieties in `{Creole} Continuum Situations'}, year = {1992} } @incollection{Devonish2003, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Devonish, Hubert}, booktitle = {The Politics of {English} as a World Language}, editor = {Christian Mair}, pages = {157--177}, publisher = {Rodopi B.\ V}, title = {Language Advocacy and `Conquest' Diglossia in the `Anglophone' {Caribbean}}, year = {2003} } @incollection{DevonishHarry2004, address = {Berlin}, author = {Devonish, Hubert and Harry, Otelemate}, booktitle = {Varieties of {English}, Volume 1, The {A}mericas and the {C}aribbean}, editor = {Edgar Schneider}, pages = {450--480}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, title = {Jamaican {Creole} and {J}amaican {E}nglish Phonology}, year = {2004} } @incollection{Eersel1971, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Eersel, Christian}, booktitle = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages}, editor = {Dell Hymes}, pages = {317--322}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Prestige in Choice of Language and Linguistic Form}, year = {1971} } @incollection{Ervin-Tripp2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Ervin-Tripp, Susan}, booktitle = {Style and Sociolinguistic Variation}, editor = {Penny Eckert and John Rickford}, pages = {44--56}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Variety, Style Shifting, and Ideology}, year = {2001} } @incollection{Fisher2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Fisher, John H}, booktitle = {The {Cambridge} History of the {E}nglish Language, Vol. {{VI}}, {E}nglish in {N}orth {A}merica}, editor = {John Algeo}, pages = {59--85}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{British} and {A}merican, Continuity and Divergence}, year = {2001} } @incollection{GraffLabovHarris1986, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Graff, David and Labov, William and Harris, Wendell}, booktitle = {Diversity and Diachrony}, editor = {David Sankoff}, pages = {45--58}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {Testing Listener's Reactions to Phonological Markers of Ethnic Identity: {{A}} New Method for Sociolinguistic Research}, year = {1986} } @incollection{Guy1980, address = {New York}, author = {Guy, Gregory}, booktitle = {Locating Language in Time and Space}, editor = {William Labov}, pages = {1--36}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {Variation in the Group and the Individual: {{T}}he Case of Final Stop Deletion}, year = {1980} } @incollection{Hancock1994, address = {Athens}, author = {Hancock, Ian}, booktitle = {The Crucible of {C}arolina: {E}ssays in the Development of {G}ullah Language and Culture}, editor = {Michael Montgomery}, pages = {95--114}, publisher = {University of Georgia Press}, title = {Componentiality and the {Creole} Matrix: {T}he {S}outhwest {E}nglish Contribution}, year = {1994} } @incollection{IrvineGal2000, address = {New Mexico}, author = {Irvine, Judith and Gal, Susan}, booktitle = {Regimes of Language}, editor = {Paul Kroskrity}, pages = {35--83}, publisher = {School of American Research Press}, title = {Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation}, year = {2000} } @incollection{Jenkins1985, address = {Manchester}, author = {Jenkins, R}, booktitle = {New Approaches to Economic Life}, editor = {Bryan Roberts, Ruth Finnegan and Duncan Gallie}, pages = {169--183}, publisher = {Manchester University Press}, title = {Black Workers in the Labour Market: {{T}}he Price of Recession}, year = {1985} } @incollection{Judd1998, address = {Kingston}, author = {Judd, Karen}, booktitle = {The {W}hite Minority in the {C}aribbean}, editor = {Howard Johnson and Karl Watson}, pages = {133--158}, publisher = {Ian Randle}, title = {The Name of the People: {{P}}opulist Ideology and Expatriate Power in {Belize}}, year = {1998} } @incollection{Kachru1982, address = {Urbana}, author = {Kachru, Braj}, booktitle = {The Other Tongue: {{{E}}}nglish Across Cultures}, editor = {Braj Kachru}, pages = {31--57}, publisher = {University of Illinois Press}, title = {Models for non-native {Englishes}}, year = {1982} } @incollection{Kroskrity2000, address = {New Mexico}, author = {Kroskrity, Paul}, booktitle = {Regimes of Language}, editor = {Paul Kroskrity}, pages = {1--34}, publisher = {School of American Research Press}, title = {Regimenting languages: {{L}}anguage Ideological Perspectives}, year = {2000} } @incollection{Kulick1998, address = {Oxford}, author = {Kulick, Don}, booktitle = {Language Ideologies}, editor = {Bambi Schieffelin and Kathryn Woolard and Paul Kroskrity}, pages = {87--102}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Age, Gender, Language Shift and the Politics of Revelation in a {Papua New Guinea} Village}, year = {1998} } @incollection{Labov1980, address = {New York}, author = {Labov, William}, booktitle = {Locating Language in Time and Space}, editor = {William Labov}, pages = {251--265}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {The Social Origins of Sound Change}, year = {1980} } @incollection{Labov2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Labov, William}, booktitle = {Style and Sociolinguistic Variation}, editor = {Penny Eckert and John Rickford}, pages = {85--108}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {The Anatomy of Style-Shifting}, year = {2001} } @incollection{LePage1968, address = {London}, author = {Le Page, Robert}, booktitle = {Language Problems of Developing Nations}, editor = {Joshua Fishman}, pages = {431--442}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, title = {Problems to be Faced in the Use of {English} as the Medium of Education in Four {W}est {I}ndian Territories}, year = {1968} } @incollection{Miller1989, address = {Kingston}, author = {Errol Miller}, booktitle = {{Jamaica} in Independence}, editor = {Rex Nettleford}, pages = {205--227}, publisher = {Heinemann Publishers}, title = {Educational Development in Independent {Jamaica}}, year = {1989} } @incollection{Milroy1999, address = {London}, author = {Milroy, James}, booktitle = {Standard {English}: {T}he Widening Debate}, editor = {Tony Bex and Richard Watts}, pages = {16--39}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {The Consequences of Standardisation in Descriptive Linguistics}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Moag1982, address = {Urbana}, author = {Moag, Rodney}, booktitle = {The Other Tongue: {{{E}}}nglish Across Cultures}, editor = {Braj Kachru}, pages = {270--288}, publisher = {University of Illinois Press}, title = {The Life Cycle of Non-Native {Englishes}: {{A}} Case Study}, year = {1982} } @incollection{Patrick1997, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Patrick, Peter}, booktitle = {{Englishes} Around the World 2.}, editor = {Edgar Schneider}, pages = {41--55}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {Style and Register in {J}amaican {Patwa}}, year = {1997} } @incollection{Pollard1998, address = {St. Augustine}, author = {Pollard, Velma}, booktitle = {Studies in {Caribbean} Language {II}.}, editor = {Pauline Christie, Barbara Lalla, Velma Pollard and Lawrence Carrington}, pages = {178--196}, publisher = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, title = {The Lexicon of Dread Talk in Standard {Jamaican English}}, year = {1998} } @incollection{RickfordMcNair1994, address = {Oxford}, author = {Rickford, John and McNair-Knox, Faye}, booktitle = {Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register}, editor = {Douglas Biber and Edward Finegan}, pages = {235--276}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {Addressee- and Topic- Influenced Styleshift: {{A}} Quantitative Sociolinguistic Study}, year = {1994} } @incollection{Romaine2001, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Romaine, Suzanne}, booktitle = {The {Cambridge} History of the {E}nglish Language, Vol. {{VI}}, {English in North America}}, editor = {John Algeo}, pages = {59--85}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Contact with Other Languages}, year = {2001} } @incollection{Schneider1998, address = {St. Augustine}, author = {Schneider, Edgar}, booktitle = {Studies in {Caribbean} Language {II}.}, editor = {Pauline Christie, Barbara Lalla, Velma Pollard and Lawrence Carrington}, pages = {204--227}, publisher = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, title = {Negation Patterns and the Cline of {C}reoleness in {English}-Oriented Varieties in the {C}aribbean}, year = {1998} } @incollection{Sharwood-Smith1999, address = {London}, author = {Sharwood-Smith, Michael}, booktitle = {{English}: {{O}}ne Language, Different Cultures}, editor = {Eddie Ronowicz and Colin Yallop}, pages = {46--82}, publisher = {Cassell}, title = {{British} Shibboleths}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Shields-Brodber1996, address = {Kingston}, author = {Shields-Brodber, Kathryn}, booktitle = {{Caribbean} Language Issues, Old and New}, editor = {Pauline Christie}, pages = {4--11}, publisher = {Caribbean University Press}, title = {Old Skeleton, New Skin: {{T}}he Relationship between Open Syllable Structure and Consonant Clusters in {Standard Jamaican English}}, year = {1996} } @incollection{Shields-Brodber1997, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Shields-Brodber, Kathryn}, booktitle = {{Englishes} Around the World 2}, editor = {Edgar Schneider}, pages = {57--67}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, title = {Requiem for {English} in an ``{English}-speaking'' Community: {T}he Case of {J}amaica}, year = {1997} } @incollection{Shields-Brodber1998, address = {St. Augustine}, author = {Shields-Brodber, Kathryn}, booktitle = {Studies in {Caribbean} Language {II}}, editor = {Pauline Christie and Barbara Lalla and Velma Pollard and Lawrence Carrington}, pages = {187--203}, publisher = {Society for Caribbean Linguistics}, title = {Hens Can Crow Too: {{T}}he Female Voice of Authority on Air in {J}amaica}, year = {1998} } @incollection{Silverstein1996, address = {Boulder}, author = {Silverstein, Michael}, booktitle = {The Matrix of Language: {C}ontemporary Linguistic Anthropology}, editor = {Donald Brenneis and Ronald Macauley}, pages = {284--306}, publisher = {Westview Press}, title = {Monoglot ``Standard'' in {America}: {{S}}tandardization and Metaphors of Linguistic Hegemony}, year = {1996} } @incollection{Silverstein2000, address = {New Mexico}, author = {Silverstein, Michael}, booktitle = {Regimes of Language}, editor = {Paul Kroskrity}, pages = {85--138}, publisher = {School of American Research Press}, title = {Whorfianism and the Linguistic Imagination of Nationality}, year = {2000} } @incollection{Strevens1982, address = {Urbana}, author = {Strevens, Peter}, booktitle = {The Other Tongue: {{{E}}}nglish Across Cultures}, editor = {Braj Kachru}, pages = {23--30}, publisher = {University of Illinois Press}, title = {The Localized Forms of {English}}, year = {1982} } @incollection{ThakerarGilesCheshire1982, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Thakerar, Jitendra and Giles, Howard and Cheshire, Jenny}, booktitle = {Advances in the Social Psychology of Language}, editor = {Colin Fraser and Klaus Scherer}, pages = {205--255}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Psychological and Linguistic Parameters of Speech Accommodation Theory}, year = {1982} } @article{ThakerarGiles1981, author={Thakerar, Jitendra and Giles, Howard}, title={They are -- so they speak: {N}oncontent speech stereotypes}, journal={Language and Communication}, volume={1}, pages={251--256}, year={1981} } @incollection{Trudgill1999, address = {London}, author = {Trudgill, Peter}, booktitle = {Standard {English}: {T}he Widening Debate}, editor = {Tony Bex and Richard Watts}, pages = {117--128}, publisher = {Routledge}, title = {Standard {English}: {{W}}hat It Isn't}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Wilmot2002, address = {Kingston}, author = {Wilmot, Swithin}, booktitle = {{Jamaica} in Slavery and Freedom: {H}istory, Heritage and Culture}, editor = {Kathleen Monteith and Glen Richards}, pages = {307--323}, publisher = {University of the West Indies Press}, title = {From Bondage to Political Office: {{B}}lacks and Vestry Politics in Two {J}amaican Parishes, {K}ingston and {S}t. {{D}}avid, 1831--1865}, year = {2002} } @incollection{Winford1991, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Winford, Donald}, booktitle = {{English} Around the World}, editor = {Jenny Cheshire}, pages = {565--584}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {The {Caribbean}}, year = {1991} } @incollection{Wolfson1997, address = {London}, author = {Wolfson, Nessa}, booktitle = {Sociolinguistics: {{A}} Reader and Coursebook}, editor = {Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski}, pages = {116--125}, publisher = {Macmillan Press Ltd}, title = {Speech Events and Natural Speech}, year = {1997} } @incollection{Yallop1999, address = {London}, author = {Yallop, Colin}, booktitle = {{English}: {{O}}ne Language, Different Cultures}, editor = {Eddie Ronowicz and Colin Yallop}, pages = {26--45}, publisher = {Cassell}, title = {{English} Around the World}, year = {1999} } @incollection{Bailey1971, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Bailey, Beryl}, booktitle = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages}, editor = {Dell Hymes}, pages = {341--348}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {Jamaican {Creole}: {{C}}an Dialect Boundaries Be Defined?}, year = {1971} } @book{Bryan2000, address = {Kingston}, author = {Bryan, Patrick}, publisher = {The University of the West Indies Press}, title = {The {J}amaican People, 1880--1902: {{R}}ace, Class and Social Control}, year = {2000} } @misc{Craig2000, author = {Craig, Dennis}, title = {Educational Implications of the Lexical Overlap of the {Creole}-Derived Vernaculars and their Related Standard Languages}, year = {2000}, note ={Paper presented at the biennial meeting for the Society for Caribbean Linguistics 2000, Kingston, University of the West Indies (Mona), August 16--19} } @incollection{Neu1980, address = {New York}, author = {Neu, Helene}, booktitle = {Locating Language in Time and Space}, editor = {William Labov}, pages = {37--54}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {Ranking of Constraints on /t,d/ Deletion in {American} {E}nglish: {{A}} Statistical Analysis}, year = {1980} } @book{Williams1970, address = {New York}, author = {Williams, Eric}, publisher = {Vintage Books}, title = {From {Columbus} to {C}astro. {{T}}he History of the {C}aribbean 1492--1969}, year = {1970} } @article{BeckfordWassink2001, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, volume = {13}, author = {Beckford‑Wassink, Alicia}, pages = {135-‑159}, title = {Theme and Variation in {J}amaican Vowels}, year = {2001} } @book{Long1774, author={Long, Edward}, title={The history of {J}amaica}, address={London}, publisher={T.\ Lowndes}, year={1774} } @book{Walker1781, author={Walker, John}, year={1781}, title={A rhetorical grammar}, address={London} } @book{Carmichael1833, author={Carmichael, A.C.}, year={1833}, title={Domestic Manners and Social Condition of the {W}hite, {C}oloured, and {N}egro Population of the {W}est {I}ndies}, address={London}, publisher={Whittaker, Treacher}, addendum={Also published in New York by Negro Universities Press, 1969.} } @book{Curriculum1999, author={{Ministry of Education and Culture, Jamaica}}, shortauthor={{Ministry of Education and Culture}}, year={1999}, title={Revised Primary Curriculum}, publisher={Government of Jamaica\slash Inter-American Development Bank, Primary Education Improvement Programme} } @misc{JTB2001, author={{Jamaica Tourist Board}}, shortauthor={JTB}, year={2001}, title={Jamaica: {V}isitor Guide} } @misc{JAMPRO1992, author={JAMPRO}, title={Invest {J}amaica}, year={1992} } @misc{JAMPRO1993, author={JAMPRO}, title={Choose {J}amaica}, year={1993} } @misc{JAMPRO1994, author={JAMPRO}, year={1994}, title={Jamaica: {T}he Investment Capital of the {C}aribbean} } @misc{JAMPRO1996, author={JAMPRO}, year={1996}, title={Jamaica: {T}he Investment Capital of the {C}aribbean} } @misc{JAMPRO1997, author={JAMPRO}, title={Business Traveller’s Guide to {K}ingston}, year={1997}, note={Volume 1. 1--10}, } @misc{JAMPRO1997b, author={JAMPRO}, title={Travel Agent Reference Guide}, year={1997} } @misc{JIDC1957, author={JIDC}, title={New Opportunities for Industrial Development}, year={1957} } @misc{JIDC1961, author={JIDC}, title={Opportunities for Industrial Investment}, year={1961} } @book{Carpenter1868, author={Carpenter, Joseph E.}, year={1868}, title={A Handbook of Poetry}, address={London}, publisher={Sampson Low, Son, and Marston} }