@STRING{CUP = "Cambridge University Press"}
@STRING{OUP = "Oxford University Press"}

@book{TripsandKornfilt:2017,
  author       = {Trips, Carola  and Kornfilt, Jaklin},
  title        = {Further investigations into the nature of {phras\-al} compounding},
  publisher    = {Language Science Press},
  year         = 2017,
  address      = {Berlin}
}

@book{Meyer:1993,
  title={Compound comprehension in isolation and in context: {The} contribution of conceptual and discourse knowledge to the comprehension of {German} novel noun-noun compounds},
  author={Meyer, Ralf},
  number={299},
  year={1993},
series= {{Linguistische Arbeiten}},
  publisher={Walter de Gruyter}
}


@BOOK{Plag:2003,
  AUTHOR = {Plag, Ingo},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {2003},
  TITLE = {Word-Formation in {English}},
}

@ARTICLE{Zwitserlood:1994,
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  DATE = {1994},
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  NUMBER = {3},
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  TITLE = {The role of semantic transparency in the processing and representation of {Dutch} compounds},
  VOLUME = {9},
}

@MISC{Walter:2014,
  AUTHOR = {Walter, Liz},
  DATE = {2014},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Cambridge dictionaries online},
  NOTE = {{From the blog {``About Words"}, available at \url{http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2014/09/17/a-bit-up-and-down-describing-emotion-with-metaphors-of-height/}}, accessed 2015-09-14},
  TITLE = {A bit up and down-- describing emotion with metaphors of height},
}

@BOOK{Levi:1978,
  AUTHOR = {Levi, Judith N.},
  LOCATION = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Academic Press},
  DATE = {1978},
  TITLE = {The syntax and semantics of complex nominals},
}

@BOOK{ChomskyandHalle:1968,
  AUTHOR = {Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris},
  LOCATION = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Harper and Row},
  DATE = {1968},
  NOTE = {Reprinted 1991 by MIT Press},
  TITLE = {The sound pattern of {English}},
}

@ARTICLE{Plagetal:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Plag, Ingo and Kunter, Gero and Lappe, Sabine and Braun, Maria},
  DATE = {2008},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language},
  PAGES = {760--794},
  TITLE = {The role of semantics, argument structure, and lexicalization in compound stress assignment in {English}},
  NUMBER = {4},
  VOLUME = {84},
}

@ARTICLE{Bauer:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Bauer, Laurie},
  DATE = {1998},
  JOURNALTITLE = {English Language and Linguistics},
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  PAGES = {65--86},
  TITLE = {When is a sequence of two nouns a compound in {English}?},
  VOLUME = {2},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bell:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Bell, Melanie J.},
  EDITOR = {Galani, Alexandra and Hicky, Glyn and Tsoulas, George},
  LOCATION = {Amsterdam},
  PUBLISHER = {John Benjamins},
  BOOKTITLE = {Morphology and its interfaces},
  DATE = {2011},
  PAGES = {137--167},
  SERIES = {Linguistik Aktuell},
  TITLE = {At the boundary of morphology and syntax: {Noun} noun constructions in {English}},
}

@BOOK{Baueretal:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Bauer, Laurie and Lieber, Rochelle and Plag, Ingo},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  DATE = {2013},
  TITLE = {The {Oxford} Reference Guide to {English} Morphology},
}

@BOOK{Quirketal:1985,
  AUTHOR = {Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sidney and Leech, Geoffrey and Swartvik, Jan},
  LOCATION = {Harlow},
  PUBLISHER = {Longman},
  DATE = {1985},
  TITLE = {A comprehensive grammar of the {English} Language},
}

@BOOK{HuddlestonandPullum:2002,
  AUTHOR = {Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey and others},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {2002},
  TITLE = {The {Cambridge} Grammar of the {English} Language},
}

@ARTICLE{Bybee:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Bybee, Joan L.},
  DATE = {1995},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  PAGES = {425--455},
  TITLE = {Regular morphology and the lexicon},
  VOLUME = {10},
}

@ARTICLE{PinkerandUllman:2002,
  AUTHOR = {Pinker, Steven and Ullman, Michael T.},
   DATE = {2002},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  KEYWORDS = {procedural},
  NUMBER = {11},
  PAGES = {456--463},
  TITLE = {The past and future of the past tense},
  VOLUME = {6},
}

@ARTICLE{McClellandandPatterson:2002,
  AUTHOR = {McClelland, James L. and Patterson, Karalyn},
  DATE = {2002},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  KEYWORDS = {regularity},
  NUMBER = {11},
  PAGES = {464--465},
  TITLE = {{‘Words or Rules’} cannot exploit the regularity in exceptions},
  VOLUME = {6},
}

@ARTICLE{PinkerandUllman:2002b,
  AUTHOR = {Pinker, Steven and Ullman, Michael T.},
  DATE = {2002},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  KEYWORDS = {connectionist models},
  NUMBER = {11},
  PAGES = {472--474},
  TITLE = {Combination and structure, not gradedness, is the issue},
  VOLUME = {6},
}

@ARTICLE{McClellandandPatterson:2002b,
  ABSTRACT = {Pinker and colleagues propose two mechanisms – a rule system and a lexical memory – to form past tenses and other inflections. They predict that children's acquisition of the regular inflection is sudden; that the regular inflection applies uniformly regardless of phonological, semantic or other factors; and that the rule system is separably vulnerable to disruption. A connectionist account makes the opposite predictions. Pinker has taken existing evidence as support for his theory, but the review of the evidence presented here contradicts this assessment. Instead, it supports all three connectionist predictions: gradual acquisition of the past tense inflection; graded sensitivity to phonological and semantic content; and a single, integrated mechanism for regular and irregular forms, dependent jointly on phonology and semantics.},
  AUTHOR = {McClelland, James L. and Patterson, Karalyn},
  DATE = {2002},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  KEYWORDS = {Inflectional Morphology},
  NUMBER = {11},
  PAGES = {465--472},
  TITLE = {Rules or connections in past-tense inflections: {What} does the evidence rule out?},
  VOLUME = {6},
}

@ARTICLE{TaftandForster:1975,
  AUTHOR = {Taft, Marcus and Forster, Kenneth I.},
  DATE = {1975},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
  NUMBER = {6},
  PAGES = {638--647},
  TITLE = {Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words},
  VOLUME = {14},
}

@ARTICLE{ManelisandTharp:1977,
  AUTHOR = {Manelis, Leon and Tharp, David A.},
  DATE = {1977},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Memory {\&} Cognition},
  NUMBER = {6},
  PAGES = {690--695},
  TITLE = {The processing of affixed words},
  VOLUME = {5},
}

@ARTICLE{Stannersetal:1979,
  AUTHOR = {Stanners, Robert F. and Neiser, James J. and Hernon, William P. and Hall, Roger},
  DATE = {1979},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {399--412},
  TITLE = {Memory representation for morphologically related words},
  VOLUME = {18},
}

@INCOLLECTION{SchreuderandBaayen:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Schreuder, Robert and Baayen, R. Harald},
  EDITOR = {Feldman, L. B.},
  LOCATION = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
  PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
  BOOKTITLE = {Morphological Aspects of Language Processing},
  DATE = {1995},
  PAGES = {131--154},
  TITLE = {Modeling morphological processing},
}

@ARTICLE{Libben:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Libben, Gary},
  DATE = {1998},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Brain and Language},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {30--44},
  TITLE = {Semantic Transparency in the Processing of Compounds: {Consequences} for Representation, Processing, and Impairment},
  VOLUME = {61},
}

@ARTICLE{Libben:1994,
  AUTHOR = {Libben, Gary},
  DATE = {1994},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {369--391},
  TITLE = {How is morphological decomposition achieved?},
  VOLUME = {9},
}

@ARTICLE{Libbenetal:2003,
  AUTHOR = {Libben, Gary and Gibson, Martha and Yoon, Yeo Bom and Sandra, Dominiek},
  DATE = {2003},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Brain and Language},
  PAGES = {50--64},
  TITLE = {Compound fracture: {The} role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness},
  VOLUME = {84},
}

@INCOLLECTION{RumelhartandMcClelland:1986,
  AUTHOR = {Rumelhart, David E. and McClelland, James L.},
  EDITOR = {Rumelhart, David E. and McClelland, James L. and {the PDP Research Group}},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {Parallel distributed processing: {Vol.} 2 Psychological and biological models},
  DATE = {1986},
  PAGES = {216--271},
  TITLE = {On learning the past tense of {English} verbs},
}

@ARTICLE{Baayenetal:2011,
  ABSTRACT = {A 2-layer symbolic network model based on the equilibrium equations of the Rescorla–Wagner model (Danks, 2003) is proposed. The study first presents 2 experiments in Serbian, which reveal for sentential reading the inflectional paradigmatic effects previously observed by Milin, Filipović Đurđević, and Moscoso del Prado Martín (2009) for unprimed lexical decision. The empirical results are successfully modeled without having to assume separate representations for inflections or data structures such as inflectional paradigms. In the next step, the same naive discriminative learning approach is pitted against a wide range of effects documented in the morphological processing literature. Frequency effects for complex words as well as for phrases (Arnon & Snider, 2010) emerge in the model without the presence of whole-word or whole-phrase representations. Family size effects (Moscoso del Prado Martín, Bertram, Häikiö, Schreuder, & Baayen, 2004; Schreuder & Baayen, 1997) emerge in the simul},
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald and Milin, Petar and Đurđević, Dusica Filipović and Hendrix, Peter and Marelli, Marco},
  DATE = {2011},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Psychological Review},
  KEYWORDS = {Rescorla–Wagner equations,a-morphous morphology,compound cue theory,morphological processing,naive discriminative learning,visual comprehension,Cognitive Processes,Comprehension,Discrimination Learning,Morphology (Language),Visual Perception,Cues,Theories},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {438--481},
  TITLE = {An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning.},
  VOLUME = {118},
}

@BOOK{Pinker:1984,
  AUTHOR = {Pinker, Steven},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {Harvard University Press},
  DATE = {1984},
  TITLE = {Language Learnability and Language Development},
}

@ARTICLE{Wickelgren:1969,
  AUTHOR = {Wickelgren, Wayne A.},
  DATE = {1969},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Psychological Review},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {1--15},
  TITLE = {Context-sensitive coding, associative memory, and serial order in (speech) behavior},
  VOLUME = {76},
}

@BOOK{Bybee:1985,
  AUTHOR = {Bybee, Joan L.},
  LOCATION = {Amsterdam},
  PUBLISHER = {John Benjamins},
  DATE = {1985},
  TITLE = {Morphology: {{A}} study of the relation between meaning and form},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bybee:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Bybee, Joan L.},
  EDITOR = {Hammond, Michael and Noonan, Michael},
  PUBLISHER = {Academic Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {Theoretical morphology},
  DATE = {1988},
  PAGES = {119--141},
  TITLE = {Morphology as lexical organization},
}

@BOOK{Langacker:1987,
  AUTHOR = {Langacker, Ronald W.},
  LOCATION = {Stanford},
  PUBLISHER = {Stanford University Press},
  DATE = {1987},
  TITLE = {Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: {Vol. 1}, {T}heoretical Prerequisites},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Langacker:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Langacker, Ronald W.},
  EDITOR = {Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida},
  LOCATION = {Amsterdam},
  PUBLISHER = {John Benjamins},
  BOOKTITLE = {Topics in Cognitive Linguistics},
  DATE = {1988},
  NUMBER = {50},
  PAGES = {127--161},
  SERIES = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory},
  TITLE = {A Usage-Based Model},
}

@ARTICLE{Arndt-Lappe:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Arndt-Lappe, Sabine},
  DATE = {2011},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Linguistics},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {549--585},
  TITLE = {Towards an exemplar-based model of stress in {English} noun-noun compounds},
  VOLUME = {47},
}

@ARTICLE{Bassac:2006,
  AUTHOR = {Bassac, Christian},
  DATE = {2006},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Research in Language},
  PAGES = {133--153},
  TITLE = {A compositional treatment for {English} compounds},
  VOLUME = {4}
}

@ARTICLE{Arndt-Lappe:2014,
  AUTHOR = {Arndt-Lappe, Sabine},
   DATE = {2014-11},
  JOURNALTITLE = {English Language and Linguistics},
  PAGES = {497--548},
  TITLE = {Analogy in suffix rivalry: {The} case of {English} {\emph{-ity}} and {\emph{-ness}}},
  VOLUME = {18},
}

@ARTICLE{HarmandSeidenberg:2004,
  ABSTRACT = {Are words read visually (by means of a direct mapping from orthography to semantics) or phonologically (by mapping from orthography to phonology to semantics)? The authors addressed this long-standing debate by examining how a large-scale computational model based on connectionist principles would solve the problem and comparing the model's performance to people's. In contrast to previous models, the present model uses an architecture in which meanings are jointly determined by the 2 components, with the division of labor between them affected by the nature of the mappings between codes. The model is consistent with a variety of behavioral phenomena, including the results of studies of homophones and pseudohomophones thought to support other theories, and illustrates how efficient processing can be achieved using multiple simultaneous constraints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)},
  AUTHOR = {Harm, Michael W. and Seidenberg, Mark S.},
  DATE = {2004},
  ISSN = {0033-295X},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Psychological Review},
  KEYWORDS = {word meanings,reading,computational model,connectionist principles,visual processes,phonological processes,orthography,cooperative division of labor,Orthography,Phonology,Reading,Semantics,Word Meaning,Cognitive Processes,Division of Labor,Models},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {662--720},
  TITLE = {Computing the Meanings of Words in Reading: {Cooperative} Division of Labor Between Visual and Phonological Processes.},
  VOLUME = {111},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WagnerandRescorla:1972,
  AUTHOR = {Wagner, Anton R. and Rescorla, Robert A.},
  EDITOR = {Black, Abraham H. and Prokasy, William Frederick},
  LOCATION = {New York, NY},
  PUBLISHER = {Appleton-Century-Crofts},
  BOOKTITLE = {Classical conditioning {II}: {Current} research and theory},
  DATE = {1972},
  PAGES = {64--99},
  TITLE = {A theory of {Pavlovian} conditioning: {Variations} in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement},
}

@ARTICLE{Baayen:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  PUBLISHER = {scielo},
  DATE = {2011},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Brazilian Journal of Applied Linguistics},
  PAGES = {295--328},
  TITLE = {Corpus linguistics and naive discriminative learning},
  VOLUME = {11},
}

@ARTICLE{Danks:2003,
  ABSTRACT = {The Rescorla–Wagner model has been a leading theory of animal causal induction for nearly 30 years, and human causal induction for the past 15 years. Recent theories (especially Psychol. Rev. 104 (1997) 367) have provided alternative explanations of how people draw causal conclusions from covariational data. However, theoretical attempts to compare the Rescorla–Wagner model with more recent models have been hampered by the fact that the Rescorla–Wagner model is an algorithmic theory, while the more recent theories are all computational. This paper provides a detailed derivation of the long-run behavior of the Rescorla–Wagner model under a wide range of parameters and experimental setups, so that the model can be compared with computational theories. It also shows that the model agrees with competing theories on a wider range of cases than had previously been thought. The paper concludes by showing how recently suggested modifications of the Rescorla–Wagner model impact the long-run behavior of the model.},
  AUTHOR = {Danks, David},
  DATE = {2003},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
  KEYWORDS = {Causal learning},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {109--121},
  TITLE = {Equilibria of the {Rescorla–Wagner} model},
  VOLUME = {47},
}

@MISC{Baayenetal:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald and Piepenbrock, Richard and Gulikers, L.},
  DATE = {1995},
  NOTE = {Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium},
  TITLE = {CELEX2},
}

@ARTICLE{Balotaetal:2007,
  AUTHOR = {Balota, David A. and Yap, Melvin J. and Cortese, Michael J. and Hutchison, Keith A. and Kessler, Brett and Loftis, Bjorn and Neely, James H. and Nelson, Douglas L. and Simpson, Greg B. and Treiman, Rebecca},
  DATE = {2007},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Behavior Research Methods},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {445--459},
  TITLE = {The {English} Lexicon Project},
  VOLUME = {39},
}

@ARTICLE{Rastleetal:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Rastle, Kathleen and Davis, Matthew H. and New, Boris},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
  DATE = {2004},
  ISSN = {1069-9384},
  JOURNALTITLE = {{Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review}},
  NUMBER = {6},
  PAGES = {1090--1098},
  TITLE = {The broth in my brother’s brothel: {Morpho-orthographic} segmentation in visual word recognition},
  VOLUME = {11},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Baayen:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  BOOKTITLE = {New Impulses in Word-Formation},
  CROSSREF = {Olsen:2010},
  PAGES = {383--402},
  TITLE = {The directed compound graph of {English}: {An} exploration of lexical connectivity and its processing consequences},
}

@INCOLLECTION{PlagandKunter:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Plag, Ingo and Kunter, Gero},
  BOOKTITLE = {New Impulses in Word-Formation},
  CROSSREF = {Olsen:2010},
  PAGES = {349--382},
  TITLE = {Constituent Family Size and Compound Stress Assignment in {English}},
}

@ARTICLE{GagneandShoben:1997,
  ABSTRACT = {To comprehend a nonpredicating combination involving a modifier (e.g., mountain) and a head noun (e.g., stream), one must specify a thematic relation (e.g., a stream in the mountains) that links the 2 constituent concepts. The authors investigated the influence of thematic relations on the comprehension of nonpredicating combinations. Experiments 1 and 3 demonstrated that people use information about what relations the constituents typically instantiate during conceptual combination. More specifically, a combination is easier to interpret when it uses a frequent relation of the modifier than when it uses a less frequent relation. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that these results are not an artifact of the individual component words. The authors propose a model of conceptual combination called the competition among relations in nominals (CARIN) model in which ease of comprehension depends both on the frequency of the to-be-selected relation and on the frequency of the alternativ},
  AUTHOR = {Gagné, Christina L. and Shoben, Edward J.},
   DATE = {1997},
  ISSN = {0278-7393},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  KEYWORDS = {thematic relations of modifier & head noun,comprehension of nonpredicating word combinations,college students,Nouns,Verbal Comprehension,Word Associations,Words (Phonetic Units)},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {71--87},
  TITLE = {Influence of thematic relations on the comprehension of modifier–noun combinations.},
  VOLUME = {23},
}

@ARTICLE{Smithetal:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Smith, Edward E. and Osherson, Daniel N. and Rips, Lance J. and Keane, Margaret},
  DATE = {1988},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Cognitive Science},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {485--527},
  TITLE = {Combining prototypes: {{A}} selective modification model},
  VOLUME = {12},
}

@ARTICLE{StormsandWisniewski:2005,
  AUTHOR = {Storms, Gert and Wisniewski, Edward J.},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
  DATE = {2005},
  JOURNALTITLE = {{Memory \& Cognition}},
  NUMBER = {5},
  PAGES = {852--861},
  TITLE = {Does the order of head noun and modifier explain response times in conceptual combination?},
  VOLUME = {33},
}

@ARTICLE{WisniewskiandMurphy:2005,
  ABSTRACT = {C. L. Gagné and E. J. Shoben (1997) proposed that concepts are combined via external relations and that lexical entries include information about which relations are frequent for every modifying noun. As evidence for this view, they showed that relations associated with the modifier affected the interpretation of combinations in several studies in which subjects had to decide whether the combinations were sensible. The authors evaluated the methods and stimuli used in Gagné and Shoben's experiments and present findings suggesting that the effect of relation frequency is likely due to differences between the familiarity and plausibility of different combinations. Although relation frequency could be involved in conceptual combination, the authors concluded that better evidence is needed for this variable, controlling for other more general differences between the combinations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)},
  AUTHOR = {Wisniewski, Edward J. and Murphy, Gregory L.},
  DATE = {2005},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},
  KEYWORDS = {conceptual combinations,concept processing,external relations,lexical entries,modifying nouns,modifier relations,lexical relation frequency,combination familiarity,plausibility,interpretation,Classification (Cognitive Process),Concept Formation,Concepts,Human Information Storage,Nouns,Lexical Decision,Word Frequency},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {169--174},
  TITLE = {Frequency of Relation Type as a Determinant of Conceptual Combination: {{A}} Reanalysis},
  VOLUME = {31},
}

@ARTICLE{Maguireetal:2007,
  ABSTRACT = {The competition among relations in nominals (CARIN) theory of conceptual combination (C. L. Gagne & E. J. Shoben, 1997) proposes that people interpret nominal compounds by selecting a relation from a pool of competing alternatives and that relation availability is influenced by the frequency with which relations have been previously associated with the modifying concept. The current authors derived relation frequencies by using a sample of compounds occurring in the British National Corpus and compared them with those derived by Gagné and Shoben. The authors demonstrated that the original relation frequencies are unrepresentative and that Gagne and Shoben's technique for dichotomizing them into high and low is unreliable. In addition, the authors revealed anomalies in the mathematical instantiation of the CARIN model and showed that it does not provide evidence for competition among relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  AUTHOR = {Maguire, Phil and Devereux, Barry and Costello, Fintan and Cater, Arthur},
  DATE = {2007},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory {\&} Cognition},
  KEYWORDS = {NOMINALS (Grammar),COMBINATION (Linguistics),GRAMMATICAL categories,LINGUISTIC analysis (Linguistics),ANALYSIS (Philosophy),CARIN model,conceptual combination,nominal compounds,thematic relations},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {811--821},
  TITLE = {A Reanalysis of the {CARIN} Theory of Conceptual Combination.},
  VOLUME = {33},
}

@ARTICLE{SpaldingandGagne:2008,
  ABSTRACT = {P. Maguire, B. Devereux, F. Costello, and A. Cater (2007) discussed the Gagné and Shoben (1997) CARIN theory of conceptual combination and, after presenting a sample drawn from the British National Corpus and comparing the two corpora, concluded that the Gagné and Shoben corpus is too small and unrepresentative. They then discussed the mathematical model presented by Gagné and Shoben and claimed that the model does not incorporate relational competition. In this article, the authors present critical aspects of the mathematical model not considered by Maguire et al. and show that the mathematical instantiation of CARIN presented by Gagné and Shoben is, in fact, very sensitive to the number of strong competing relations. The authors then present some new comparisons between the corpora, showing that they correspond surprisingly well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  AUTHOR = {Spalding, Thomas L. and Gagné, Christina L.},
  DATE = {2008},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory {\&} Cognition},
  KEYWORDS = {MATHEMATICAL models,CORPORA (Linguistics),NOUN phrases (Grammar),EXPERIMENTAL psychology,LEARNING,CARIN,conceptual combination,mathematical modeling,noun phrases,noun-noun compounds},
  NUMBER = {6},
  PAGES = {1573--1578},
  TITLE = {COMMENTARY: {CARIN} Theory Reanalysis Reanalyzed: {{A}} Comment on {Maguire, Devereux, Costello, and Cater (2007)}},
  VOLUME = {34},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Shoben:1991,
  AUTHOR = {Shoben, Edward J.},
  EDITOR = {Schwanenflugel, Paula J.},
  LOCATION = {Hillsdale, NJ, England},
  PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
  BOOKTITLE = {The psychology of word meanings},
  DATE = {1991},
  PAGES = {117--135},
  TITLE = {Predicating and nonpredicating combinations},
}

@BOOK{Luce:1959,
  AUTHOR = {Luce, Robert Duncan},
  LOCATION = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Wiley},
  DATE = {1959},
  TITLE = {Individual choice behavior: {{A}} theoretical analysis},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Spaldingetal:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Spalding, Thomas L. and Gagné, Christina L. and Mullaly, Allison and Ji, Hongbo},
  BOOKTITLE = {New Impulses in Word-Formation},
  CROSSREF = {Olsen:2010},
  PAGES = {283--315},
  TITLE = {Relation-Based Interpretation of Noun-Noun Phrases: {{A}} New Theoretical Approach},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Monsell:1985,
  AUTHOR = {Monsell, Stephen},
  EDITOR = {Ellis, Andrew W.},
  LOCATION = {Hove},
  PUBLISHER = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.},
  BOOKTITLE = {Progress in the psychology of language},
  DATE = {1985},
  TITLE = {Repetition and the lexicon},
  VOLUME = {2},
}

@ARTICLE{Sandra:1990,
  AUTHOR = {Sandra, Dominiek},
  DATE = {1990},
  JOURNALTITLE = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {529--567},
  TITLE = {On the representation and processing of compound words: {Automatic} access to constituent morphemes does not occur},
  VOLUME = {42},
}

@ARTICLE{Jaremaetal:1999,
  ABSTRACT = {This study explores the role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness in the on-line visual recognition of French and Bulgarian compounds using a constituent repetition priming paradigm. The results reported show significant constituent priming effects for both languages. Moreover, distinct priming patterns emerged, demonstrating that the semantic transparency of individual constituents, their position in the string, and morphological headedness interact in the processing of compounds.},
  AUTHOR = {Jarema, Gonia and Busson, Céline and Nikolova, Rossitza and Tsapkini, Kyrana and Libben, Gary},
  DATE = {1999},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Brain and Language},
  NUMBER = {1–2},
  PAGES = {362--369},
  TITLE = {Processing Compounds: {{A}} Cross-Linguistic Study},
  VOLUME = {68},
}

@ARTICLE{PollatsekandHyona:2005,
  AUTHOR = {Pollatsek, Alexander and Hyönä, Jukka},
   DATE = {2005},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {1-2},
  PAGES = {261--290},
  TITLE = {The role of semantic transparency in the processing of {Finnish} compound words},
  VOLUME = {20},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Juhasz:2007,
  AUTHOR = {Juhasz, Barbara J.},
  EDITOR = {Gompel, Roger P. G. van},
  PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Science},
  BOOKTITLE = {Eye movements: {{A}} window on mind and brain},
  DATE = {2007},
  PAGES = {373--390},
  TITLE = {The influence of semantic transparency on eye movements during {English} compound word recognition},
}

@ARTICLE{Frissonetal:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Frisson, Steven and Niswander-Klement, Elizabeth and Pollatsek, Alexander},
  PUBLISHER = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
   DATE = {2008},
   JOURNALTITLE = {British Journal of Psychology},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {87--107},
  TITLE = {The role of semantic transparency in the processing of {English} compound words},
  VOLUME = {99},
}

@ARTICLE{WongandRotello:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Wong, Mungchen and Rotello, Caren},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer New York},
   DATE = {2010},
   ISSUE = {1},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Memory and Cognition},
   PAGES = {47--56},
  TITLE = {Conjunction errors and semantic transparency},
  VOLUME = {38},
}

@BOOK{KuceraandFrancis:1967,
  AUTHOR = {Kučera, Henry and Francis, Winthrop Nelson},
  LOCATION = {Providence, RI},
  PUBLISHER = {Brown University Press},
  DATE = {1967},
  TITLE = {Computational analysis of {pres\-ent-day} {American English}},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Reddyetal:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Reddy, Siva and McCarthy, Diana and Manandhar, Suresh},
  LOCATION = {Chiang Mai, Thailand},
  ORGANIZATION = {AFNLP},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 5th {International Conference on Natural Language Processing}},
  DATE = {2011},
  NOTE = {All data for the paper is available from the following site: \url{http://sivareddy.in/papers/files/ijcnlp_compositionality_data.tgz}},
  PAGES = {210--218},
  TITLE = {An empirical study on compositionality in compound nouns},
}

@ARTICLE{Jietal:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Ji, Hongbo and Gagné, Christina L. and Spalding, Thomas L.},
  DATE = {2011},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  PAGES = {406--430},
  TITLE = {Benefits and costs of lexical decomposition and semantic integration during the processing of transparent and opaque {English} compounds},
  VOLUME = {65},
}

@ARTICLE{El-Bialy_etal:2013,
  AUTHOR = {El-Bialy, Rowan and Gagné, Christina L. and Spalding, Thomas L.},
   DATE = {2013},
   JOURNALTITLE = {The Mental Lexicon},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {75--95},
  TITLE = {Processing of {English} compounds is sensitive to the constituents' semantic transparency},
  VOLUME = {8},
}

@ARTICLE{MarelliandLuzzatti:2012,
  AUTHOR = {Marelli, Marco and Luzzatti, Claudio},
  DATE = {2012},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {644--664},
  TITLE = {Frequency effects in the processing of {Italian} nominal compounds: {Modulation} of headedness and semantic transparency},
  VOLUME = {66},
}

@ARTICLE{Kupermanetal:2008,
  ABSTRACT = {This paper explores the time-course of morphological processing of trimorphemic Finnish compounds. We find evidence for the parallel access to full-forms and morphological constituents diagnosed by the early effects of compound frequency, as well as early effects of left constituent frequency and family size. We also observe an interaction between compound frequency and both the left and the right constituent family sizes. Furthermore, our data show that suffixes embedded in the derived left constituent of a compound are efficiently used for establishing the boundary between compounds’ constituents. The success of segmentation of a compound is demonstrably modulated by the affixal salience of the embedded suffixes. We discuss implications of these findings for current models of morphological processing and propose a new model that views morphemes, combinations of morphemes and morphological paradigms as probabilistic sources of information that are interactively used in recognition of complex words.},
  AUTHOR = {Kuperman, Victor and Bertram, Raymond and Baayen, R. Harald},
   DATE = {2008},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {7-8},
  PAGES = {1089--1132},
  TITLE = {Morphological dynamics in compound processing},
  VOLUME = {23},
}

@ARTICLE{Marellietal:2014,
  AUTHOR = {Marelli, Marco and Dinu, Georgiana and Zamparelli, Roberto and Baroni, Marco},
  DATE = {2015},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Applied Psycholinguistics},
  PAGES = {1421--1439},
  TITLE = {Picking buttercups and eating butter cups: {Spelling} alternations, semantic relatedness, and their consequences for compound processing},
  VOLUME = {36},  
NUMBER = {6}
}

@ARTICLE{PhamandBaayen:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Pham, Hien and Baayen, R. Harald},
  DATE = {2013},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Psihologija},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {455--478},
  TITLE = {Semantic relations and compound transparency: {{A}} regression study in {CARIN} theory},
  VOLUME = {46},
}

@ARTICLE{GagneandSpalding:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Gagné, Christina L. and Spalding, Thomas L.},
  DATE = {2004},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Brain and Language},
  NUMBER = {1–3},
  PAGES = {478--486},
  TITLE = {Effect of relation availability on the interpretation and access of familiar noun–noun compounds},
  VOLUME = {90},
}

@ARTICLE{Juhaszetal:2005,
  AUTHOR = {Juhasz, Barbara J. and Inhoff, Albrecht W. and Rayner, Keith},
  DATE = {2005},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {1-2},
  PAGES = {291--316},
  TITLE = {The role of interword spaces in the processing of {English} compound words},
  VOLUME = {20},
}

@ARTICLE{KraemerandBlasey:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Kraemer, Helena C. and Blasey, Christine M.},
  DATE = {2004},
  JOURNALTITLE = {International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {141--151},
  TITLE = {Centring in regression analyses: {{A}} strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference},
  VOLUME = {13},
}

@MISC{Nelsonetal:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Nelson, Douglas L. and McEvoy, Cathy L. and Schreiber, Thomas A.},
  DATE = {1998},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{http://w3.usf.edu/FreeAssociation/}},
  TITLE = {The {University of South Florida} word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms},
}


@INCOLLECTION{Baayen:2014,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  EDITOR = {Lieber, Rochelle and Štekauer, Pavol},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {Handbook of derivational morphology},
  DATE = {2014},
  PAGES = {95--117},
  TITLE = {Experimental and psycholinguistic approaches to studying derivation},
}

@ARTICLE{BuenoandFrenck-Mestre:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Bueno, Steve and Frenck-Mestre, Cheryl},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
  DATE = {2008},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Memory and Cognition},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {882--898},
  TITLE = {The activation of semantic memory: {Effects} of prime exposure, prime-target relationship, and task demands},
  VOLUME = {36},
}

@ARTICLE{Kupermanetal:2009,
  ABSTRACT = {This article reports an eye-tracking experiment with 2,500 polymorphemic Dutch compounds presented in isolation for visual lexical decision while readers’ eye movements were registered. The authors found evidence that both full forms of compounds (dishwasher) and their constituent morphemes (e.g., dish, washer) and morphological families of constituents (sets of compounds with a shared constituent) played a role in compound processing. They observed simultaneous effects of compound frequency, left constituent frequency, and family size early (i.e., before the whole compound has been scanned) and also observed effects of right constituent frequency and family size that emerged after the compound frequency effect. The temporal order of these and other observed effects goes against assumptions of many models of lexical processing. The authors propose specifications for a new multiple-route model of polymorphemic compound processing that is based on time-locked, parallel, and interactive},
  AUTHOR = {Kuperman, Victor and Schreuder, Robert and Bertram, Raymond and Baayen, R. Harald},
  DATE = {2009},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
  KEYWORDS = {morphological structure,lexical processing,eye movements,compounds,eye tracking,Cognitive Processes,Eye Movements,Lexical Decision,Morphology (Language),Visual Tracking},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {876--895},
  TITLE = {Reading polymorphemic {Dutch} compounds: {Toward} a multiple route model of lexical processing.},
  VOLUME = {35},
}

@INCOLLECTION{FrauenfelderandSchreuder:1992,
  AUTHOR = {Frauenfelder, Uli H. and Schreuder, Robert},
  EDITOR = {Booij, Geert and van Marle, Jaap},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  LOCATION = {Dordrecht},
  BOOKTITLE = {Yearbook of Morphology 1991},
  DATE = {1992},
  PAGES = {165--183},
  TITLE = {Constraining psycholinguistic models of morphological processing and representation: {The} role of productivity},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Postal:1969,
  AUTHOR = {Postal, Paul M.},
  EDITOR = {Binnick, Robert I. and Davison, Alice  and Green, Georgia M. and Morgan, Jerry
L. et al.},
  ORGANIZATION = {Chicago Linguistic Society},
  PUBLISHER = {University of Chicago},
  BOOKTITLE = {Papers from the 5th regional meeting of the {Chicago Linguistic Society}},
  DATE = {1969},
  PAGES = {209--39},
  TITLE = {Anaphoric islands},
}

@ARTICLE{Coulmas:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Coulmas, Florian},
  DATE = {1988},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Folia Linguistica},
  NUMBER = {3-4},
  PAGES = {315--336},
  TITLE = {{Wörter, Komposita und anaphorische Inseln}},
  VOLUME = {22},
}

@ARTICLE{Wardetal:1991,
  AUTHOR = {Ward, Gregory and Sproat, Richard and McKoon, Gail},
  DATE = {1991},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {439--474},
  TITLE = {A Pragmatic Analysis of So-Called Anaphoric Islands},
  VOLUME = {67},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Schaefer:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Schäfer, Martin},
  EDITOR = {ten Hacken, Pius and Thomas, Claire},
  LOCATION = {Edinburgh},
  PUBLISHER = {Edinburgh University Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {The Semantics of Word Formation and Lexicalization},
  DATE = {2013},
  PAGES = {140--160},
  TITLE = {Semantic transparency and anaphoric islands},
}

@ARTICLE{LakoffandRoss:1972,
  AUTHOR = {Lakoff, George and Ross, John Robert},
  DATE = {1972},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Linguistic Inquiry},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {121--125},
  TITLE = {A Note on Anaphoric Islands and {caus\-a\-tives}},
  VOLUME = {3},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Douloureux:1971,
  AUTHOR = {Tic Douloureux, P.},
EDITOR = {Zwicky, Arnold M. and Salus, Peter H. and Binnick, Robert I.  and Vanek, Anthony L.},
  DATE = {1971},
  BOOKTITLE = {Studies out in left field: {Defamatory} essays presented to {James} {{D.}} {McCawley} on the occasion of his 33rd or 34th birthday},
  PAGES = {45--51},
  TITLE = {A note on one’s privates},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Corum:1973,
  AUTHOR = {Corum, Claudia},
  BOOKTITLE = {Papers from the ninth regional meeting},
EDITOR = {Corum, Claudia and Smith-Stark, T. Cedric and Weiser, Ann},
  ORGANIZATION = {{Chi\-ca\-go Linguistic Society}},
  PUBLISHER = {{Chi\-ca\-go Linguistic Society}},
DATE = {1973},
  PAGES = {89--97},
  TITLE = {Anaphoric peninsulas}
}

@ARTICLE{Browne:1974,
  AUTHOR = {Browne, Wayles},
  PUBLISHER = {JSTOR},
  DATE = {1974},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Linguistic Inquiry},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {619--620},
  TITLE = {On the topology of anaphoric peninsulas},
  VOLUME = {5},
}

@ARTICLE{Watt:1975,
  AUTHOR = {Watt, William C.},
  DATE = {1975},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Lingua},
  PAGES = {95--128},
  TITLE = {The indiscreteness with which impenetrables are penetrated},
  VOLUME = {37},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Levi:1977,
  AUTHOR = {Levi, Judith N.},
  EDITOR = {Beach, Woodford A. and Fox, Samuel E. and Philosoph, Shulamith},
  ORGANIZATION = {Chicago Linguistic Society},
  PUBLISHER = {Chicago Linguistic Society},
  BOOKTITLE = {Papers from the thirteenth regional meeting},
  DATE = {1977},
  PAGES = {325--338},
  TITLE = {{The constituent structure of complex nominals or That's funny, you don't look like a noun!}},
}

@BOOK{TenHacken:1994,
  AUTHOR = {{ten Hacken}, Pius},
  LOCATION = {Hildesheim},
  PUBLISHER = {Olms},
  DATE = {1994},
  TITLE = {Defining Morphology: {{A}} Principled Approach to Determining the Boundaries of Compounding, Derivation, and Inflection},
}

@THESIS{Fahim:1977,
  AUTHOR = {Fahim, Elsayed M. S.},
  INSTITUTION = {Universität Leipzig},
  LOCATION = {Leipzig},
  DATE = {1977},
  TITLE = {{Untersuchungen zum Modell substantivischer Komposita mit einem Primäradjektiv als erster unmittelbarer Konstituente}},
  TYPE = {phdthesis},
}

@THESIS{Bell:2012,
  AUTHOR = {Bell, Melanie J.},
  INSTITUTION = {University of Cambridge},
  DATE = {2012},
  TITLE = {The {English} {NN} construct: {Its} prosody and structure},
  TYPE = {phdthesis},
}

@ARTICLE{Giegerich:2009,
  ABSTRACT = {This study investigates the distribution of end-stress and fore-stress among English NN and NNN compounds. It finds that end-stress in NNs is not ‘exceptional’, as many researchers have claimed, but confined to a reasonably well defined class of attribute-head NNs within which it is (at least optionally) grammatical and often predictable. In NNNs – NNs with embedded NNs – both fore-stress and end-stress can occur in both the embedding and the embedded NN, giving rise to eight possible stress patterns, all of which are attested. Moreover, the distribution of fore-stress and end-stress in embedding and embedded NNs follows the regularities identified in free-standing NNs. There is therefore no reason to accept the generalization whereby in NNNs, the second element is always stressed under right-branching and the first element under left-branching. While such patterns are perhaps particularly frequent, all others are also grammatical: the Compound Stress Rule known in the literature for some fifty years, deriving stress patterns from structural geometry, is wrong.},
  AUTHOR = {Giegerich, Heinz J.},
  DATE = {2009},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Word Structure},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {1--17},
  TITLE = {The {English} compound stress myth},
  VOLUME = {2},
}

@BOOK{Sweet:1891,
  AUTHOR = {Sweet, Henry},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  DATE = {1891},
  TITLE = {{A new English grammar. Logical and historical. Part I: Introduction, phonology, and accidence}},
}

@ARTICLE{Odegardetal:2005,
  AUTHOR = {Odegard, Timothy N. and Lampinen, James M. and Toglia, Michael P.},
   DATE = {2005},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  KEYWORDS = {Memory conjunction},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {416--429},
  TITLE = {Meaning’s moderating effect on recollection rejection},
  VOLUME = {53},
}

@ARTICLE{Ledingetal:2007,
  AUTHOR = {Leding, Juliana K. and Lampinen, James Michael and Edwards, Norman W. and Odegard, Timothy N.},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
   DATE = {2007},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Behavior Research Methods},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {920--925},
  TITLE = {The memory conjunction error paradigm: {Normative} data for conjunction triplets},
  VOLUME = {39},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Partee:1984,
  AUTHOR = {Partee, Barbara H.},
  EDITOR = {Landman, Fred and Veltman, Frank},
  PUBLISHER = {Foris},
  BOOKTITLE = {Varieties of formal semantics},
  DATE = {1984},
  NOTE = {Reprinted in Partee, Barbara (2008). Compositionality in Formal Semantics. John Wiley \& Sons, 153-181},
  PAGES = {281--311},
  TITLE = {Compositionality},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Lin:1999,
  AUTHOR = {Lin, Dekang},
  LOCATION = {College Park, Maryland},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 37th {Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics}},
  DATE = {1999},
   PAGES = {317--324},
  SERIES = {ACL '99},
  TITLE = {Automatic Identification of Non-compositional Phrases},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{KatzandGiesbrecht:2006,
  AUTHOR = {Katz, Graham and Giesbrecht, Eugenie},
  LOCATION = {Sydney, Australia},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Identifying and Exploiting Underlying Properties}},
  DATE = {2006},
   PAGES = {12--19},
  SERIES = {MWE '06},
  TITLE = {Automatic Identification of Non-{com\-positional} Multi-word Expressions Using Latent Semantic Analysis},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BiemannandGiesbrecht:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Biemann, Chris and Giesbrecht, Eugenie},
  LOCATION = {Portland, Oregon},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {Workshop on Distributional Semantics and Compositionality}},
  DATE = {2011},
   PAGES = {21--28},
  SERIES = {DiSCo '11},
  TITLE = {Distributional Semantics and Compositionality 2011: {Shared} Task Description and Results},
}

@ARTICLE{Gibbs:1989,
  AUTHOR = {Gibbs, Raymond W.},
  DATE = {1989},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Cognitive Science},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {243--251},
  TITLE = {Understanding and Literal Meaning},
  VOLUME = {13},
}

@BOOK{Jaszczolt:2016,
  AUTHOR = {Jaszczolt, Kasia M.},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  DATE = {2016},
  TITLE = {Meaning in Linguistic Interaction},
}

@ARTICLE{Nunbergetal:1994,
  AUTHOR = {Nunberg, Geoffrey and Sag, Ivan A. and Wasow, Thomas},
  DATE = {1994},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {491--538},
  TITLE = {Idioms},
  VOLUME = {70},
}

@ARTICLE{TitoneandConnine:1999,
  AUTHOR = {Titone, Debra A. and Connine, Cynthia M.},
  DATE = {1999},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Pragmatics},
  NUMBER = {12},
  PAGES = {1655--1674},
  TITLE = {On the compositional and noncompositional nature of idiomatic expressions},
  VOLUME = {31},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Baayen:1993,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  EDITOR = {Booij, Geert and van Marle, Jaap},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  BOOKTITLE = {Yearbook of Morphology 1992},
  DATE = {1993},
  LOCATION = {Dordrecht},
  PAGES = {181--208},
  TITLE = {On frequency, transparency and productivity},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Dressler:2006,
  AUTHOR = {Dressler, Wolfgang U.},
  BOOKTITLE = {The representation and processing of compound words},
  CROSSREF = {LibbenandJarema:2006},
  PAGES = {23--44},
  TITLE = {Compound types},
}

@ARTICLE{Marslen-Wilsonetal:1994,
  AUTHOR = {Marslen-Wilson, William and Tyler, Lorraine K. and Waksler, Rachelle and Older, Lianne},
  DATE = {1994},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Psychological Review},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {3--33},
  TITLE = {Morphology and meaning in the {English} mental lexicon},
  VOLUME = {101},
}

@BOOK{Fanselow:1981,
  AUTHOR = {Fanselow, Gisbert},
  LOCATION = {Tübingen},
  PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer},
  DATE = {1981},
  SERIES = {Linguistische Arbeiten},
  TITLE = {{Zur Syntax und Semantik der Nominalkomposition}},
  number = {107},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Partee:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Partee, Barbara H.},
  EDITOR = {Gleitman, Lila and Liberman, Mark},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {An invitation to Cognitive Science: {Language}},
  CHAPTER = {11},
  DATE = {1995},
  EDITION = {2},
  PAGES = {311--360},
  TITLE = {Lexical Semantics and Compositionality},
  VOLUME = {1},
}

@ARTICLE{KampandPartee:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Kamp, Hans and Partee, Barbara H.},
  DATE = {1995},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Cognition},
  PAGES = {129--191},
  TITLE = {Prototype theory and compositionality},
  VOLUME = {57},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Kamp:1975,
  AUTHOR = {Kamp, Hans},
  EDITOR = {Keenan, Edward Louis},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {Formal Semantics for natural languages},
  DATE = {1975},
  PAGES = {123--155},
  TITLE = {Two theories about adjectives},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Kamp:1981,
  AUTHOR = {Kamp, Hans},
  EDITOR = {Groenendijk, Jeroen and Janssen, Theo M. V. and Stokhof, Martin},
  LOCATION = {Dordrecht},
  PUBLISHER = {Foris},
  BOOKTITLE = {Formal Methods in the study of language {Vol. I}},
  DATE = {1981},
  PAGES = {1--41},
  TITLE = {A theory of truth and semantic representation}
}



@BOOK{KeenanandFaltz:1985,
  AUTHOR = {Keenan, Edward Louis and Faltz, Leonard M.},
  LOCATION = {Dordrecht},
  PUBLISHER = {D. Reidel},
  DATE = {1985},
  TITLE = {Boolean Semantics for Natural Language},
}

@BOOK{AmericanHeritageDictionary3rd,
  AUTHOR = {{Houghton Mifflin Company}},
  PUBLISHER = {Houghton Mifflin Company},
  DATE = {1993},
  EDITION = {3rd edn.},
  TITLE = {The {American} heritage college dictionary},
}

@BOOK{HeimandKratzer:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Heim, Irene and Kratzer, Angelika},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Blackwell},
  DATE = {1998},
  SERIES = {{Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics}},
  TITLE = {Semantics in generative grammar},
  number = {13},
}

@BOOK{Chierchiaetal:2000,
  AUTHOR = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  DATE = {2000},
  EDITION = {2nd edn.},
  TITLE = {Meaning and Grammar: {An} introduction to semantics},
}

@ARTICLE{Kennedy:2007,
  AUTHOR = {Kennedy, Christopher},
  DATE = {2007},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
  PAGES = {1--45},
  TITLE = {Vagueness and Grammar: {The} Semantics of Relative and Absolute Gradable Adjectives},
  VOLUME = {30},
}

@ARTICLE{FodorandPylyshyn:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Fodor, Jerry A. and Pylyshyn, Zenon W.},
  DATE = {1988},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Cognition},
  NUMBER = {1–2},
  PAGES = {3--71},
  TITLE = {Connectionism and cognitive architecture: {{A}} critical analysis},
  VOLUME = {28},
}

@BOOK{Quine:1960,
  AUTHOR = {Quine, Willard Van Orman},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  DATE = {1960},
  TITLE = {Word and object},
}

@ARTICLE{Lahav:1989,
  AUTHOR = {Lahav, Ran},
  PUBLISHER = {Springer},
  DATE = {1989},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {261--279},
  TITLE = {Against Compositionality: {The} Case of Adjectives},
  VOLUME = {57},
}

@ARTICLE{Lahav:1993,
  ABSTRACT = {Within the controversy between the combinatorial and the connectionist approaches to cognition it has been argued that our semantic and syntactic capacities provide evidence for the combinatorial approach. In this paper I offer a counter-weight to this argument by pointing out that the same type of considerations, when applied to the pragmatics of adjectives, provide evidence for connectionism.},
  AUTHOR = {Lahav, Ran},
  DATE = {1993},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Pragmatics and Cognition},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {71--88},
  TITLE = {The combinatorial-connectionist debate and the pragmatics of adjectives},
  VOLUME = {1},
}

@ARTICLE{Blutner:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Blutner, Reinhard},
  DATE = {1998},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Semantics},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {115--162},
  TITLE = {Lexical Pragmatics},
  VOLUME = {15},
}

@BOOK{Householder:1971,
  AUTHOR = {Householder, Fred W.},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {1971},
  TITLE = {Linguistic speculations},
}

@BOOK{Travis:2000,
  AUTHOR = {Travis, Charles},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {Harvard University Press},
  DATE = {2000},
  TITLE = {Unshadowed thought},
}

@REPORT{Oseaghdha:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Ó Séaghdha, Diarmuid},
  INSTITUTION = {University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory},
  DATE = {2008-12},
  NUMBER = {UCAM-CL-TR-735},
  TITLE = {{Learning compound noun semantics}},
  TYPE = {techreport},
}

@BOOK{Koziol:1937,
  AUTHOR = {Koziol, Herbert},
  LOCATION = {Heidelberg},
  PUBLISHER = {Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung},
  DATE = {1937},
  TITLE = {{Handbuch der englischen Wortbildungslehre}},
}

@BOOK{Jespersen:1942,
  AUTHOR = {Jespersen, Otto},
  LOCATION = {Copenhagen},
  PUBLISHER = {Ejnar Munksgaard},
  DATE = {1942},
  TITLE = {A modern {English} grammar on historical principles},
}

@ARTICLE{Hatcher:1960,
  AUTHOR = {Hatcher, Anna Granville},
  DATE = {1960},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Word},
  PAGES = {356--373},
  TITLE = {An introduction to the analysis of {English noun compounds}},
  VOLUME = {16},
}

@BOOK{Brekle:1970,
  AUTHOR = {Brekle, Herbert Ernst},
  LOCATION = {München},
  PUBLISHER = {Fink},
  DATE = {1970},
  TITLE = {{Generative Satzsemantik und transformationelle Syntax im System der englischen Nominalkomposition}},
}

@BOOK{Adams:1973,
  AUTHOR = {Adams, Valerie},
  LOCATION = {London},
  PUBLISHER = {Longman},
  DATE = {1973},
  TITLE = {An introduction to {Modern English} word formation},
}

@THESIS{Li:1971,
  AUTHOR = {Li, Charles N.},
  INSTITUTION = {University of California at Berkeley},
  DATE = {1971},
  TITLE = {{Semantics and the structure of compounds in Chinese}},
  TYPE = {phdthesis},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Motsch:1970,
  AUTHOR = {Motsch, Wolfgang},
  BOOKTITLE = {Wortbildung},
  CROSSREF = {LipkaandGuenther:1981},
  NOTE = {Originally in Manfred Bierwisch \& Karl Erich Heidolph (Eds.) (1970). Progress in linguistics. The Hague: Mouton. 208--223},
  TITLE = {{Analyse von Komposita mit zwei nominalen Elementen}},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Levi:1976,
  AUTHOR = {Levi, Judith N.},
  EDITOR = {Cole, Peter},
  LOCATION = {Amsterdam},
  PUBLISHER = {North-Holland},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Studies in Modern Hebrew syntax and semantics: A transformational-generative approach}},
  DATE = {1976},
  PAGES = {9--55},
  TITLE = {{A semantic analysis of Hebrew compound nominals}},
}

@ARTICLE{Downing:1977,
  AUTHOR = {Downing, Pamela},
  DATE = {1977},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {810--842},
  TITLE = {On the creation and use of {English} compound nouns},
  VOLUME = {53},
}

@THESIS{Levi:1975,
  AUTHOR = {Levi, Judith N.},
  INSTITUTION = {University of Chicago},
  DATE = {1975},
  TITLE = {The syntax and semantics of non-predicating adjectives in {English}},
  TYPE = {phdthesis},
}

@ARTICLE{DevereuxandCostello:2005,
  ABSTRACT = {How do people understand noun--noun compounds such as volcano science and pear bowl? In this paper, we present evidence against one approach to noun--noun compounds, namely that of arranging the meanings of compounds into a small, finite taxonomy of general semantic relations. Using a typical relation taxonomy, we conducted an experiment examining how people classify compounds into the taxonomy's relation categories. We found that people often select not one but several relations for each compound; for example, people classify coffee stain as coffee MAKES stain, stain MADE OF coffee, coffee CAUSES stain and stain DERIVED FROM coffee. A natural metric for relational similarity follows from our experimental data; we found that using cluster analysis to group compounds' interpretations with respect to this metric produced groupings that were different from the original taxonomic categories, suggesting that there is more than one way to classify the meanings of compounds. We also found that compounds which had similar constituent concepts tended to be interpreted with similar relations, indicating that the intrinsic properties of a compound's constituent concepts help determine how that compound is interpreted. Such findings are problematic for taxonomic theories of conceptual combination},
  AUTHOR = {Devereux, Barry and Costello, Fintan},
  DATE = {2005},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Artificial Intelligence Review},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {489--515},
  TITLE = {Investigating the Relations used in Conceptual Combination},
  VOLUME = {24},
}

@BOOK{Brekle:1973,
  AUTHOR = {Brekle, Herbert Ernst},
  LOCATION = {Trier},
  PUBLISHER = {LAUT},
  DATE = {1973},
  TITLE = {{Zur Stellung der Wortbildung in der Grammatik}},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Miller:1978,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, George A.},
  EDITOR = {Halle, Morris and Bresnan, Joan and Miller, Max},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {Linguistic theory and psychological reality},
  DATE = {1978},
  PAGES = {60--118},
  TITLE = {Semantic relations among words},
}

@BOOK{Shaw:1978,
  AUTHOR = {Shaw, J. Howard},
  LOCATION = {Tübingen},
  PUBLISHER = {Narr},
  DATE = {1978},
  TITLE = {Motivierte {Komposita} in der deutschen und englischen {Gegenwartssprache}},
}

@BOOK{Warren:1978,
  AUTHOR = {Warren, Beatrice},
  LOCATION = {Gothenburg},
  PUBLISHER = {Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis},
  DATE = {1978},
  NUMBER = {41},
  SERIES = {Gothenburg Studies in English},
  TITLE = {Semantic patterns of noun-noun compounds},
}

@BOOK{Pustejovsky:1995,
  AUTHOR = {Pustejovsky, James},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  DATE = {1995},
  TITLE = {The generative lexicon},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Jackendoff:2009,
  AUTHOR = {Jackendoff, Ray},
  EDITOR = {Lieber, Rochelle and Štekauer, Pavol},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {The {Oxford} Handbook of Compounding},
  CROSSREF = {LieberandStekauer:2009},
  DATE = {2009},
  PAGES = {105--128},
  TITLE = {Compounding in the parallel architecture and conceptual semantics},
}

@BOOK{Asher:2011,
  AUTHOR = {Asher, Nicholas},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {2011},
  TITLE = {Lexical meaning in context: {{A}} web of words},
}

@ARTICLE{Katz:1964,
  AUTHOR = {Katz, Jerrold J.},
  PUBLISHER = {Journal of Philosophy, Inc.},
  DATE = {1964},
  JOURNALTITLE = {The Journal of Philosophy},
  NUMBER = {23},
  PAGES = {739--766},
  TITLE = {Semantic Theory and the Meaning of `Good'},
  VOLUME = {61},
}

@ARTICLE{Vendler:1963,
  AUTHOR = {Vendler, Zeno},
  PUBLISHER = {[Duke University Press, Philosophical Review]},
  DATE = {1963},
  JOURNALTITLE = {The Philosophical Review},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {446--465},
  TITLE = {The Grammar of Goodness},
  VOLUME = {72},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PustejovskyandAnick:1988,
  AUTHOR = {Pustejovsky, James and Anick, Peter G.},
  LOCATION = {Budapest, Hungary},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 12th {Conference on Computational Linguistics} - Vol. 2},
  DATE = {1988},
   PAGES = {518--523},
  SERIES = {COLING '88},
  TITLE = {On the Semantic Interpretation of Nominals},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Jackendoff:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Jackendoff, Ray},
  BOOKTITLE = {Meaning and the Lexicon: {{The}} Parallel Architecture 1975–2010},
  CROSSREF = {Jackendoff:2010book},
  NOTE = {Expanded and revised version of Jackendoff (2009)},
  TITLE = {The ecology of {English} Noun-Noun compounds (2009)},
}

@ARTICLE{Brekle:1986,
  AUTHOR = {Brekle, Herbert Ernst},
  DATE = {1986},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae},
  NUMBER = {1-4},
  PAGES = {39--52},
  TITLE = {The production and interpretation of ad hoc nominal compounds in {German}: {{A}} realistic approach},
  VOLUME = {36},
}


@ARTICLE{Bauer:1979,
  ABSTRACT = {It is argued that reference to pragmatic information is required if a syntactically adequate description of nominal compounding is to be produced. Some of the kinds of pragmatic information that are required are listed. It is claimed that not all such information can be listed in the lexicon.},
  AUTHOR = {Bauer, Laurie},
  DATE = {1979},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Pragmatics},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {45--50},
  TITLE = {On the need for pragmatics in the study of nominal compounding},
  VOLUME = {3},
}

@BOOK{Selkirk:1982,
  AUTHOR = {Selkirk, Elisabeth O.},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  DATE = {1982},
  TITLE = {The syntax of words},
}

@BOOK{Lieber:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Lieber, Rochelle},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {2004},
  TITLE = {Morphology and lexical semantics},
}

@BOOK{Levinson:2000,
  AUTHOR = {Levinson, Stephen C.},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT press},
  DATE = {2000},
  TITLE = {Presumptive Meaning: {The} theory of generalized conversational implicature},
}

@ARTICLE{Hobbsetal:1993,
  AUTHOR = {Hobbs, Jerry R. and Stickel, Mark E. and Appelt, Douglas E. and Martin, Paul},
  LOCATION = {Essex, UK},
  PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.},
   DATE = {1993-10},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Artificial Intelligence},
  NUMBER = {1-2},
  PAGES = {69--142},
  TITLE = {Interpretation As Abduction},
  VOLUME = {63},
}

@THESIS{Sahlgren:2006,
  AUTHOR = {Sahlgren, Magnus},
  INSTITUTION = {Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University},
  LOCATION = {Stockholm},
  DATE = {2006},
  TITLE = {The Word-Space Model: {Using} distributional analysis to represent syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between words in {high-di\-men\-sion\-al} vector spaces},
  TYPE = {phdthesis},
}

@ARTICLE{Harris:1954,
  AUTHOR = {Harris, Zellig S.},
  DATE = {1954},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Word},
  PAGES = {146--162},
  TITLE = {Distributional structure},
  VOLUME = {10},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Firth:1957,
  AUTHOR = {Firth, John Rupert},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Philological Society},
  BOOKTITLE = {Studies in Linguistic Analysis},
  DATE = {1957},
  NOTE = {Reprinted in Frank R. Palmer (ed.), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952-1959, London: Longman (1968)},
  PAGES = {1--32},
  TITLE = {A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930-1955},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Firth:1957b,
  AUTHOR = {Firth, John Rupert},
  LOCATION = {Oxford},
  PUBLISHER = {Basil Blackwell},
  BOOKTITLE = {{Studies in linguistic analysis. Special volume of the Philological Society}},
  DATE = {1957},
  PAGES = {1--32},
  TITLE = {A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930-1955},
}

@ARTICLE{Sahlgren:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Sahlgren, Magnus},
  DATE = {2008},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Rivista di Linguistica (Italian Journal of Linguistics)},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {33--53},
  TITLE = {The Distributional Hypothesis},
  VOLUME = {20},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Schuetze:1993,
  AUTHOR = {Schütze, Hinrich},
  PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  BOOKTITLE = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 5},
  DATE = {1993},
  PAGES = {895--902},
  TITLE = {Word Space},
}

@ARTICLE{Dumais:2005,
  AUTHOR = {Dumais, Susan T.},
  PUBLISHER = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
   DATE = {2004},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Annual Review of Information Science and Technology},
  NUMBER = {1},
  PAGES = {188--230},
  TITLE = {Latent semantic analysis},
  VOLUME = {38},
}

@ARTICLE{SaltonandYang:1973,
  AUTHOR = {Salton, Gerard and Yang, C. S.},
   DATE = {1973},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Documentation},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {351--372},
  TITLE = {ON THE SPECIFICATION OF TERM VALUES IN AUTOMATIC INDEXING},
  VOLUME = {29},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{MitchellandLapata:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Mitchell, Jeff and Lapata, Mirella},
  LOCATION = {Columbus, Ohio},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of {ACL-08: HLT}},
  DATE = {2008-06},
  PAGES = {236--244},
  TITLE = {Vector-based Models of Semantic Composition},
}

@ARTICLE{Ruge:1992,
  ABSTRACT = {A description of the hyperterm system \{REALIST\} (REtrieval Aids by \{LInguistics\} and STatistics) and in more detail a description of its semantic component is given. We call a hyperterm system a system that contains different kinds of term relations. The semantic component of \{REALIST\} generates semantic term relations such as synonyms. It takes as input a free-text database and generates as output term pairs that are semantically related with respect to their meanings in the database. This is done in two steps. In the first step an automatic syntactic analysis provides linguistical knowledge about the terms of the database. In the second step this knowledge is compared by statistical similarity computation. Various experiments with different similarity measures are described. These experiments are not standard recall and precision examinations, but direct evaluations of the term pairs. Beyond the new linguistic term association method and its good results, another important point of this paper is to show the value of direct term pair evaluation.},
  AUTHOR = {Ruge, Gerda},
   DATE = {1992},
   ISSN = {0306-4573},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Information Processing {\&} Management},
  NUMBER = {3},
  PAGES = {317--332},
  TITLE = {Experiments on linguistically-based term associations},
  VOLUME = {28},
}

@ARTICLE{Landaueretal:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Landauer, Thomas K and Foltz, Peter W. and Laham, Darrell},
   DATE = {1998},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Discourse Processes},
  NUMBER = {2-3},
  PAGES = {259--284},
  TITLE = {An introduction to latent semantic analysis},
  VOLUME = {25},
}

@ARTICLE{LundandBurgess:1996,
  AUTHOR = {Lund, Kevin and Burgess, Curt},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
   DATE = {1996},
   JOURNALTITLE = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, {\&} Computers},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {203--208},
  TITLE = {Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence},
  VOLUME = {28},
}

@ARTICLE{Mikolovetal:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Mikolov, Tomas and Chen, Kai and Corrado, Greg and Dean, Jeffrey},
  DATE = {2013-01},
  JOURNALTITLE = {ArXiv e-prints},
  KEYWORDS = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
  TITLE = {Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space},
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Bannardetal:2003,
  AUTHOR = {Bannard, Colin and Baldwin, Timothy and Lascarides, Alex},
  LOCATION = {Sapporo, Japan},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {ACL 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment}},
Number = {18},
DATE = {2003},
  PAGES = {65--72},
  SERIES = {MWE '03},
  TITLE = {A statistical approach to the semantics of verb-particles},
}

@BOOK{Fellbaum:1998,
  EDITOR = {Fellbaum, Christiane},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge, Massachusetts},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  BOOKTITLE = {{WordNet}: {An} Electronic Lexical Database},
  DATE = {1998},
  TITLE = {{WordNet}: {An} Electronic Lexical Database},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ferraresietal:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Ferraresi, Adriano and Zanchetta, Eros and Baroni, Marco and Bernardini, Silvia},
  LOCATION = {Marrakech},
  ORGANIZATION = {ELRA},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {WAC4} workshop at {LREC} 2008},
  DATE = {2008},
  TITLE = {Introducing and evaluating {ukWaC}, a very large web-derived corpus of {English}},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Baldwinetal:2003,
  AUTHOR = {Baldwin, Timothy and Bannard, Colin and Tanaka, Takaaki and Widdows, Dominic},
  LOCATION = {Sapporo, Japan},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {ACL 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment}},
  DATE = {2003},
  Number = {18},
  PAGES = {89--96},
  SERIES = {MWE '03},
  TITLE = {An Empirical Model of Multiword Expression Decomposability},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{SporlederandLi:2009,
  AUTHOR = {Sporleder, Caroline and Li, Linlin},
  LOCATION = {Athens, Greece},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 12th {Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics}},
  DATE = {2009},
  PAGES = {754--762},
  SERIES = {EACL '09},
  TITLE = {Unsupervised Recognition of Literal and Non-literal Use of Idiomatic Expressions},
}

@BOOK{HallidayandHasan:1976,
  AUTHOR = {Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, Ruqaiya},
  LOCATION = {London},
  PUBLISHER = {Longman},
  DATE = {1976},
  TITLE = {Cohesion in {English}},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McCarthyetal:2003,
  AUTHOR = {McCarthy, Diana and Keller, Bill and Carroll, John},
  LOCATION = {Sapporo, Japan},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {ACL 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment}},
  DATE = {2003},
  Number = {18},
  PAGES = {73--80},
  SERIES = {MWE '03},
  TITLE = {Detecting a Continuum of Compositionality in Phrasal Verbs},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{SchoneandJurafsky:2001,
  AUTHOR = {Schone, Patrick and Jurafsky, Daniel},
  LOCATION = {Pittsburgh, PA},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of {Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing}},
  DATE = {2001},
  TITLE = {Is Knowledge-Free Induction of Multiword Unit Dictionary Headwords a Solved Problem?},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Giesbrecht:2009,
  AUTHOR = {Giesbrecht, Eugenie},
  EDITOR = {Rudolph, Sebastian and Dau, Frithjof and Kuznetsov, Sergei O.},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  BOOKTITLE = {Conceptual Structures: {Leveraging} Semantic Technologies},
  DATE = {2009},
  PAGES = {173--184},
  SERIES = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  TITLE = {In Search of Semantic Compositionality in Vector Spaces},
  number = {5662},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Guevara:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Guevara, Emiliano},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 2010 {Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics}},
  DATE = {2010},
  PAGES = {33--37},
  TITLE = {A regression model of adjective-noun compositionality in distributional semantics},
}

@ARTICLE{Shannon:1948,
  AUTHOR = {Shannon, Claude Elwood},
  DATE = {1948-07},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Bell System Technical Journal},
  PAGES = {379--423,623--656},
  TITLE = {A Mathematical Theory of Communication},
  VOLUME = {27},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PanandMcKeown:1999,
  AUTHOR = {Pan, Shimei and McKeown, Kathleen R.},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of {EMNLP/VLC’99}},
  DATE = {1999},
  PAGES = {148--157},
  TITLE = {Word Informativeness and Automatic Pitch Accent Modeling},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Baayenetal:2008b,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald and Levelt, Willem M. J. and Schreuder, Robert and Ernestus, Mirjam},
  EDITOR = {Elliott, Malcolm and Kirby, James and Sawada, Osamu and Staraki, Eleni and Yoon, Suwon},
  LOCATION = {Chicago},
  ORGANIZATION = {Chicago Linguistics Society},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings from the annual meeting of the {Chicago Linguistics Society 43}},
  DATE = {2008},
  PAGES = {1--29},
  TITLE = {Paradigmatic structure in speech production},
  VOLUME = {1},
}

@ARTICLE{TurneyandPantel:2010,
  AUTHOR = {Turney, Peter D. and Pantel, Patrick},
  DATE = {2010},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of artificial intelligence research},
  PAGES = {141--188},
  TITLE = {From Frequency to Meaning: {Vector} Space Models of Semantics},
  VOLUME = {37},
}

@ARTICLE{BellandPlag:2012,
  AUTHOR = {Bell, Melanie J. and Plag, Ingo},
  DATE = {2012-11},
  ISSUE = {3},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Linguistics},
  PAGES = {485--520},
  TITLE = {Informativeness is a determinant of compound stress in {English}},
  VOLUME = {48},
}

@ARTICLE{SchreuderandBaayen:1997,
  AUTHOR = {Schreuder, Robert and Baayen, R. Harald},
  DATE = {1997},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  PAGES = {118--139},
  TITLE = {How complex simplex words can be},
    NUMBER = {1},
VOLUME = {37},
}

@ARTICLE{KupermanandBertram:2013,
  ABSTRACT = {The present study explores linguistic predictors and behavioural implications of the orthographic alternation between a spaced (bell tower), hyphenated (bell-tower), and concatenated (belltower) format observed in English compound words. On the basis of two English corpora, we model the evolution of spelling for compounds undergoing lexicalisation, as well as define the set of orthographic, distributional, and semantic properties of the compound's constituents that co-determine the preference for one of the available realisations. We explore iconicity and economy as competing motivations for both the diachronic change and synchronous preferences in spelling. Observed patterns of written production closely mirror the demands and strategies of recognition of compound words in reading. Orthographic choices that go against the reader's economy of effort come with a high recognition cost, as evidenced in inflated lexical decision and naming latencies to concatenated compounds that occur in other spelling formats.},
  AUTHOR = {Kuperman, Victor and Bertram, Raymond},
  DATE = {2013},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {7},
  PAGES = {939--966},
  TITLE = {Moving spaces: {Spelling} alternation in {English} noun-noun compounds},
  VOLUME = {28},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BellandSchaefer:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Bell, Melanie J. and Schäfer, Martin},
  LOCATION = {Potsdam, Germany},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of {IWCS} 2013 Workshop {Towards a Formal Distributional Semantics}},
  DATE = {2013},
  PAGES = {1--10},
  TITLE = {Semantic transparency: {Challenges} for distributional semantics},
}

@ARTICLE{Bierwisch:1982,
  AUTHOR = {Bierwisch, Manfred},
  DATE = {1982},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Linguistische Berichte},
  NUMBER = {80},
  PAGES = {3--17},
  TITLE = {Formal and Lexical Semantics},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bierwisch:1989,
  AUTHOR = {Bierwisch, Manfred},
  EDITOR = {Motsch, Wolfang},
  LOCATION = {Berlin},
  PUBLISHER = {Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR},
  BOOKTITLE = {Wortstruktur und {Satzstruktur. Linguistische Studien 194}},
  DATE = {1989},
  PAGES = {1--73},
  TITLE = {Event Nominalization: {Proposals} and Problems},
}


@MISC{Merriam-Webster:2015,
  AUTHOR = {Merriam-Webster},
  DATE = {2015},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{https://www.merriam-webster.com}},
  TITLE = {Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary},
}

@MISC{Mike:2012,
  AUTHOR = {Mike},
  DATE = {2012},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Blog entry},
  NOTE = {\url{https://web.archive.org/web/20120321163308/http://blog.aurorahistoryboutique.com/tag/fly-market/}, accessed 2016-10-21},
  TITLE = {History of flea markets},
}

@MISC{BNCxml,
  AUTHOR = {{BNC}},
  INSTITUTION = {Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium},
  DATE = {2007},
  NOTE = {\url{http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/}},
  TITLE = {The {British National Corpus}, version 3 ({BNC} {XML} Edition).},
}

@BOOK{Baayen:2008a,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  LOCATION = {Cambridge},
  PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
  DATE = {2008},
  TITLE = {Analyzing Linguistic Data: {{A}} Practical Introduction to Statistics Using {{R}}},
}

@ARTICLE{Jamieson:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Jamieson, Susan},
  PUBLISHER = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
  DATE = {2004},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Medical Education},
  NUMBER = {12},
  PAGES = {1217--1218},
  TITLE = {Likert scales: {How} to (ab)use them},
  VOLUME = {38},
}

@ARTICLE{Norman:2010,
  ABSTRACT = {Reviewers of research reports frequently criticize the choice of statistical methods. While some of these criticisms are well-founded, frequently the use of various parametric methods such as analysis of variance, regression, correlation are faulted because: (a) the sample size is too small, (b) the data may not be normally distributed, or (c) The data are from Likert scales, which are ordinal, so parametric statistics cannot be used. In this paper, I dissect these arguments, and show that many studies, dating back to the 1930s consistently show that parametric statistics are robust with respect to violations of these assumptions. Hence, challenges like those above are unfounded, and parametric methods can be utilized without concern for ``getting the wrong answer''.},
  AUTHOR = {Norman, Geoff},
  DATE = {2010},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Advances in Health Sciences Education},
  NUMBER = {5},
  PAGES = {625--632},
  TITLE = {Likert scales, levels of measurement and the ``laws'' of statistics},
  VOLUME = {15},
}

@MANUAL{Rbase,
  AUTHOR = {{R Core Team}},
  LOCATION = {Vienna, Austria},
  ORGANIZATION = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  URL = {https://www.R-project.org/},
  DATE = {2015},
  TITLE = {R: {{A}} language and environment for statistical computing},
}

@ARTICLE{effects,
  AUTHOR = {Fox, John},
  DATE = {2003},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  NUMBER = {15},
  PAGES = {1--27},
  TITLE = {Effect Displays in {{R}} for Generalised Linear Models},
  VOLUME = {8},
}

@MANUAL{languageR,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald},
  URL = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=languageR},
  DATE = {2013},
  NOTE = {R package version 1.4.1},
  TITLE = {languageR: {Data} sets and functions with {``Analyzing Linguistic Data. A practical introduction to statistics''}.},
}

@BOOK{Belsleyetal:1980,
  AUTHOR = {Belsley, David A. and Kuh, Edwin and Welsch, Roy E.},
  LOCATION = {New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Wiley \& Sons},
  DATE = {1980},
  TITLE = {Regression diagnostics: {Identifying} Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity},
}

@MANUAL{Hmisc,
  AUTHOR = {{Harrell Jr}, Frank E.},
  URL = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc},
  DATE = {2015},
  NOTE = {R package version 3.17-0. With contributions from Charles Dupont and many others.},
  TITLE = {Hmisc: {Harrell} miscellaneous},
}

@MANUAL{rms:2016,
  AUTHOR = {{Harrell Jr}, Frank E.},
  URL = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rms},
  DATE = {2016},
  NOTE = {R package version 4.5-0},
  TITLE = {rms: {Regression} Modeling Strategies},
}

@ARTICLE{Baayenetal:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Baayen, R. Harald and Davidson, Douglas J. and Bates, Douglas M.},
  DATE = {2008},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  KEYWORDS = {By-subject},
  NOTE = {Special Issue: Emerging Data Analysis},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {390--412},
  TITLE = {Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items},
  VOLUME = {59},
}

@MANUAL{MuMIn,
  AUTHOR = {Bartoń, Kamil},
  URL = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn},
  DATE = {2016},
  NOTE = {R package version 1.15.6},
  TITLE = {MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference},
}

@ARTICLE{NakagawaandSchielzeth:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Nakagawa, Shinichi and Schielzeth, Holger},
  DATE = {2013},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  KEYWORDS = {coefficient of determination,goodness-of-fit,heritability,information criteria,intra-class correlation,linear models,model fit,repeatability,variance explained},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {133--142},
  TITLE = {A general and simple method for obtaining {R2} from generalized linear mixed-effects models},
  VOLUME = {4},
}

@ARTICLE{Johnson:2014,
  AUTHOR = {Johnson, Paul C. D.},
  DATE = {2014},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  KEYWORDS = {coefficient of determination,generalized linear mixed model,random slopes model,random regression},
  NUMBER = {9},
  PAGES = {944--946},
  TITLE = {Extension of {Nakagawa} {\&} {Schielzeth's} {R2GLMM} to random slopes models},
  VOLUME = {5},
}

@ARTICLE{BellandSchaefer:2016,
  AUTHOR = {Bell, Melanie J. and Schäfer, Martin},
  DATE = {2016},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Morphology},
  NUMBER = {2},
  PAGES = {157--199},
  TITLE = {Modelling semantic transparency},
  VOLUME = {26},
}

@BOOK{Loebner:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Löbner, Sebastian},
  LOCATION = {London and New York},
  PUBLISHER = {Routledge},
  DATE = {2013},
  EDITION = {2nd edn.},
  TITLE = {Understanding Semantics},
}

@MISC{Quinion:web,
  AUTHOR = {Quinion, Michael},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-gra4.htm}},
  TITLE = {World wide words. Entry for {\emph{Gravy train}}},
}

@ARTICLE{Plagetal:2007,
  AUTHOR = {Plag, Ingo and Kunter, Gero and Lappe, Sabine},
  DATE = {2007},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory},
  NUMBER = {2},
  TITLE = {Testing hypotheses about compound stress assignment in {English}: {{A}} corpus-based investigation},
  VOLUME = {3},
}

@ARTICLE{deJongetal:2000,
  ABSTRACT = {It has been reported that in visual lexical decision response latencies to simplex nouns are shorter when these nouns have large morphological families, i.e., when they appear as constituents in large numbers of derived words and compounds. This study presents the results of four experiments that show that verbs have a Family Size effect independently of nominal conversion alternants, that this effect is a strict type frequency effect andnot a token frequency effect, that the effect is co-determined by the morphological structure of the inflected verb, and that it occurs irrespective of the orthographic shape of the base word.},
  AUTHOR = {{De Jong}, Nivja H. and Schreuder, Robert and Baayen, R. Harald},
  DATE = {2000},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Language and Cognitive Processes},
  NUMBER = {4-5},
  PAGES = {329--365},
  TITLE = {The morphological family size effect and morphology},
  VOLUME = {15},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Miller:1998,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, George A.},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  CHAPTER = {1},
  CROSSREF = {Fellbaum:1998},
  DATE = {1998},
  PAGES = {23--46},
  TITLE = {{Nouns in WordNet}},
}

@INCOLLECTION{Miller:1998a,
  AUTHOR = {Miller, George A.},
  PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
  CROSSREF = {Fellbaum:1998},
  DATE = {1998},
  PAGES = {xv--xxii},
  TITLE = {{Foreword}},
}

@BOOK{Hoffmannetal:2008,
  AUTHOR = {Hoffmann, Sebastian and Evert, Stefan and Smith, Nicholas and Lee, David and {Berglund Prytz}, Ylva},
  LOCATION = {Frankfurt am Main},
  PUBLISHER = {Peter Lang},
  DATE = {2008},
  TITLE = {Corpus Linguistics with {BNCweb} -- a Practical Guide.},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Baldwin_and_Tanaka:2004,
  AUTHOR = {Baldwin, Timothy and Tanaka, Takaaki},
  LOCATION = {Barcelona, Spain},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the {Workshop on Multiword Expressions: {Integrating} Processing}},
  DATE = {2004},
  PAGES = {24--31},
  SERIES = {MWE '04},
  TITLE = {Translation by Machine of Complex Nominals: {Getting} It Right},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{LapataandLascarides:2003,
  AUTHOR = {Lapata, Mirella and Lascarides, Alex},
  LOCATION = {Budapest, Hungary},
  PUBLISHER = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Tenth Conference of the {European} Chapter of the {Association for Computational Linguistics-- Vol. 1}},
  DATE = {2003},
  PAGES = {235--242},
  SERIES = {EACL '03},
  TITLE = {Detecting Novel Compounds: {The} Role of Distributional Evidence},
}

@MISC{ShaoulandWestbury:2013,
  AUTHOR = {Shaoul, Cyrus and Westbury, Chris},
  DATE = {2013},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta},
  NOTE = {\url{http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~westburylab/downloads/usenetcorpus.download.html}},
  TITLE = {A reduced redundancy {USENET} corpus (2005-2011)},
}

@MISC{Conway,
  AUTHOR = {Conway, Damian},
  DATE = {1998},
  HOWPUBLISHED = {Proceedings of the Second Annual {Perl} Conference},
  TITLE = {An algorithmic approach to {English} pluralization},
}

@ARTICLE{Juhasz:2015,
  ABSTRACT = {Since the work of Taft and Forster (1976), a growing literature has examined how English compound words are recognized and organized in the mental lexicon. Much of this research has focused on whether compound words are decomposed during recognition by manipulating the word frequencies of their lexemes. However, many variables may impact morphological processing, including relational semantic variables such as semantic transparency, as well as additional form-related and semantic variables. In the present study, ratings were collected on 629 English compound words for six variables [familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance (LMD), imageability, and sensory experience ratings (SER)]. All of the compound words selected for this study are contained within the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007), which made it possible to use a regression approach to examine the predictive power of these variables for lexical decision and word naming performance. Analyses indicated that familiarity, AoA, imageability, and SER were all significant predictors of both lexical decision and word naming performance when they were added separately to a model containing the length and frequency of the compounds, as well as the lexeme frequencies. In addition, rated semantic transparency also predicted lexical decision performance. The database of English compound words should be beneficial to word recognition researchers who are interested in selecting items for experiments on compound words, and it will also allow researchers to conduct further analyses using the available data combined with word recognition times included in the English Lexicon Project.},
  AUTHOR = {Juhasz, Barbara J. and Lai, Yun-Hsuan and Woodcock, Michelle L.},
  DATE = {2015},
  JOURNALTITLE = {Behavior Research Methods},
  NUMBER = {4},
  PAGES = {1004--1019},
  TITLE = {A database of 629 {English} compound words: {Ratings} of familiarity, lexeme meaning dominance, semantic transparency, age of acquisition, imageability, and sensory experience},
  VOLUME = {47},
}

@MISC{COCA,
  AUTHOR = {Davies, Mark},
  DATE = {2008--},
  NOTE = {Available online at \url{http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/}.},
  TITLE = {The Corpus of Contemporary {American} {English}: 450 million words, 1990--present.},
}

@MANUAL{DeReKo,
  AUTHOR = {IDS},
  LOCATION = {Mannheim},
  ORGANIZATION = {Institut für deutsche Sprache},
  DATE = {n.d.},
  NOTE = {\url{http://www.ids-mannheim.de/kl/projekte/korpora/}},
  TITLE = {{Das Deutsche Referenzkorpus DeReKo}},
}


@Book{Olsen:2010,
  editor = 	 {Olsen, Susan},
  title = 	 {New Impulses in Word-Formation},
  publisher = 	 {Buske},
  year = 	 2010,
  number = 	 17,
  series = 	 {Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft},
  address = 	 {Hamburg}}

@Book{LibbenandJarema:2006,
  editor = 	 {Libben, Gary and Jarema, Gonia},
  title = 	 {The representation and processing of compound words},
  publisher = 	 OUP,
  year = 	 2006,
  address = 	 {Oxford}
}

@Book{LipkaandGuenther:1981,
  editor = 	 {Lipka, Leonhard and Günther, Hartmut},
  title = 	 {Wortbildung},
  publisher = 	 {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
  year = 	 1981,
  address = 	 {Darmstadt}}

@Book{LieberandStekauer:2009,
  editor = 	 {Lieber, Rochelle and {\v{S}}tekauer, Pavol},
  title = 	 {The Oxford Handbook of Compounding},
  publisher = 	 {Oxford University Press},
 year = 	 2009,
  address = 	 {Oxford}}

@Book{Jackendoff:2010book,
  author = 	 {Jackendoff, Ray},
  title = 	 {Meaning and the Lexicon: {The} Parallel Architecture 1975–2010},
  publisher = 	 {Oxford University Press},
  year = 	 2010,
  address = 	 {Oxford}}